Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions

Levy, Daniel; Hopkins, Ramona O.; Squire, Larry R.

doi:10.1101/lm.82504

Cited by 39 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Accordingly, familiarity recognition in humans seems to be almost limitless even at long retention intervals (Standing 1973), while working memory span has been consistently shown to be limited in humans and monkeys (Luck and Vogel 1997;Beason-Held et al 1999;Levy et al 2003Levy et al , 2004Shrager et al 2008;Heuer and Bachevalier 2011). This makes the DOT a good complement to the odor span task for rodents, to study working memory span in mice.…”

Section: Mice Have a Limited Object Memory Spanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HP lesions generally have no or minor effect on item STM and LTM (Broadbent et al 2004;Ainge et al 2006;Hunsaker et al 2008). Nevertheless, recent accumulating experimental evidence suggests that the HP is indeed involved in item STM when the memory load is increased by the number of items (Cave and Squire 1991;Beason-Held et al 1999;Levy et al 2003Levy et al , 2004Shrager et al 2008;van Vugt et al 2010). Item or digit memory after short-retention interval is, in fact, affected in patients or monkeys with HP damage and in amnesic patients in the condition of high load (Cave and Squire 1991;Levy et al 2003), and HP gamma oscillations increase as humans perform a WM task with increasing number of faces or letters (van Vugt et al 2010).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Previous studies in nonhuman and human primates with HP lesions demonstrated that the HP selectively mediates item memory at short retention time intervals only in high memory load conditions (Beason-Held et al 1999;Levy et al 2003Levy et al , 2004. The behavioral procedure we described in Experiment 1 was designed to parallel studies in human amnesics in which novel and familiar items are simultaneously compared (Beason-Held et al 1999;Broadbent et al 2004;Ainge et al 2006;Shrager et al 2008).…”

Section: Role Of the Dorsal Hippocampus In Object Memory Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Sannino¹,

Russo²,

Torromino³

et al. 2012

Learn. Mem.

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The dorsal hippocampus is crucial for mammalian spatial memory, but its exact role in item memory is still hotly debated. Recent evidence in humans suggested that the hippocampus might be selectively involved in item short-term memory to deal with an increasing memory load. In this study, we sought to test this hypothesis. To this aim we developed a novel behavioral procedure to study object memory load in mice by progressively increasing the stimulus set size in the spontaneous object recognition task. Using this procedure, we demonstrated that naive mice have a memory span, which is the number of elements they can remember for a short-time interval, of about six objects. Then, we showed that excitotoxic selective lesions of the dorsal hippocampus did not impair novel object discrimination in the condition of low memory load. In contrast, the same lesion impaired novel object discrimination in the high memory load condition, and reduced the object memory span to four objects. These results have important heuristic and clinical implications because they open new perspective toward the understanding of the role of the hippocampus in item memory and in memory span deficits occurring in human pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.[Supplemental material is available for this article.]The dorsal hippocampus-HP (the CA fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex) is generally crucial for mammalian memory, but its exact role in memory formation is still hotly debated around a conspicuous number of rival theories. Although, in the early 1980s, Olton and colleagues (Wible et al. 1992;Wan et al. 1994) showed that HP lesions produced an impairment on both spatial and nonspatial memory independently on the retention time interval, converging evidence presented a dichotomous view between spatial and item memory (Brown and Aggleton 2001), and between short-term (STM) and long-term (LTM) memory (Shrager et al. 2008), regarding the role of the HP. Brown and Aggleton (2001) proposed that the HP is essential for associational, multi-item, re-collective aspects of recognition memory, but has little or no involvement for single item recognition, which would be mediated by the perirhinal cortex. Squire and colleagues (Broadbent et al. 2004), in contrast, suggested that the HP is selectively involved in LTM, and not in STM or working memory (WM), independently of the nature of the information.Studies in rodents unequivocally demonstrated that HP lesions impair memory consolidation of newly acquired spatial information, and quite consistently affect spatial STM, thus suggesting that the HP is involved in spatial memory

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Section: Mice Have a Limited Object Memory Spanmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Role Of the Dorsal Hippocampus In Object Memory Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Sannino¹,

Russo²,

Torromino³

et al. 2012

Learn. Mem.

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“…It is important to note that we did not aim to separate the contributions of these context components, but to create a distinct context that may support memory. Nevertheless, previous research suggested that both the memory for odors and the memory for spatial arrangements rely on the hippocampus and adjacent cortices (O'Keefe and Nadel 1978; Burgess et al 2002;Fortin et al 2004;Levy et al 2004). Thus, it is tempting to speculate that there is a common mechanism underlying the impact of stress on odor context-dependent and spatial context-dependent memory enhancement, namely the effect of stress (hormones) on the integrative function of the hippocampus.…”

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confidence: 94%

Stress disrupts context-dependent memory

Schwabe¹,

Böhringer²,

Wolf³

2009

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Memory is facilitated when the retrieval context resembles the learning context. The brain structures underlying contextual influences on memory are susceptible to stress. Whether stress interferes with context-dependent memory is still unknown. We exposed healthy adults to stress or a control procedure before they learned an object-location task in a room scented with vanilla. Memory was tested 24 h later, either in the same or in a different context (unfamiliar room without the odor). Stress administered prior to encoding abolished the context-dependent memory enhancement found in the control group. Thus, these findings represent the first demonstration of impaired context-dependent memory following stress.

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“…It critically depends on the integrity of the hippocampus and adjacent cortex. 50,91 In a previous study, patients with damage limited to the hippocampal region were impaired at both visual and olfactory memory tasks. 51 The advantage of the social odor novel recognition test is that it uses the rats' primary sensory modality (olfaction) coupled with the social significance (from conspecifics) of the odors to produce strong, long-lasting odor discrimination and memories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrolysin improves cognitive performance in rats after mild traumatic brain injury

Zhang¹,

Chopp

Meng³

et al. 2015

JNS

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T raumaTic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. An estimated 75%-90% of the 1.7 million TBI-related emergency room visits in the US each year are a result of mild TBI (mTBI). 15 Unlike moderate and severe TBI, patients with mTBI may show cognitive impairment in the absence of obvious tissue lesions in the brain. 22,94 Some patients with mTBI have a measurable cognitive deficit at 1 year. 74 Recent evidence suggests that an mTBI sustained in early life can interact with the aging process and reduce memory performance many years or decades later. 69 The pathologies underlying mTBI are poorly understood and treatment modalities are essentially absent. Investigation of mechanisms underlying mTBI-induced cognitive impairment and development of effective early interventions to mitigate the sequelae of mTBI are required to better understand its pathophysiology and to reduce the burden and incidence of long-term effects of mTBI.abbreviatioNs APP = amyloid precursor protein; BrdU = 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; BSA = bovine serum albumin; DCX = doublecortin; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; MWM = Morris water maze; mTBI = mild TBI; NeuN = neuronal nuclei; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; sAPPa = soluble a form of APP; TBI = traumatic brain injury. obJect Long-term memory deficits occur after mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and effective treatment modalities are currently unavailable. Cerebrolysin, a peptide preparation mimicking the action of neurotrophic factors, has beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The present study investigated the long-term effects of Cerebrolysin treatment on cognitive function in rats after mTBI. methods Rats subjected to closed-head mTBI were treated with saline (n = 11) or Cerebrolysin (2.5 ml/kg, n = 11) starting 24 hours after injury and then daily for 28 days. Sham animals underwent surgery without injury (n = 8). To evaluate cognitive function, the modified Morris water maze (MWM) test and a social odor-based novelty recognition task were performed after mTBI. All rats were killed on Day 90 after mTBI, and brain sections were immunostained for histological analyses of amyloid precursor protein (APP), astrogliosis, neuroblasts, and neurogenesis. results Mild TBI caused long-lasting cognitive memory deficits in the MWM and social odor recognition tests up to 90 days after injury. Compared with saline treatment, Cerebrolysin treatment significantly improved both long-term spatial learning and memory in the MWM test and nonspatial recognition memory in the social odor recognition task up to 90 days after mTBI (p < 0.05). Cerebrolysin significantly increased the number of neuroblasts and promoted neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and it reduced APP levels and astrogliosis in the corpus callosum, cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 regions (p < 0.05). coNclusioNs These results indicate that Cerebrolysin treatment of mTBI improves long-term cognitive function, and this improvement may be partially related to decreased...

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Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions

Cited by 39 publications

References 22 publications

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Stress disrupts context-dependent memory

Cerebrolysin improves cognitive performance in rats after mild traumatic brain injury

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