Imparting Smolder-Resistance to Cotton Upholstery Fabric

Donaldson, D. J.; Mard, H. H. St.; Harper, Robert J.

doi:10.1177/004051757904900401

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Inhibition of smouldering combustion generally takes one of two forms [21,36,37]: (1) Physical barriers similar to those used for flaming combustion may be effective. These barriers may be simple heat shields that prevent the polymer from reaching ignition temperatures or they may function as gas barriers to prevent oxygen from reaching the solid fuels.…”

Section: Fr Control Of Smouldering Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA, ARS) studied smoulder resistance extensively in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s and developed many treatments for cotton and cotton blend fabrics [21,36,37]. They found that cellulosic fabrics are very susceptible to cigarette-induced smouldering combustion, their smouldering characteristics are complex, metal salts increase the smouldering of cotton fabrics, and adding synthetic fibre to cotton lowers the smoulder rate.…”

Section: Cigarette Smouldering Ignitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?

Wakelyn

Adair²,

Barker

2004

Fire and Materials

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SUMMARYMattresses/bedding and upholstered furniture are subject to ignition by cigarettes (smoulder) and open flames leading to injuries, fatalities and property damage. There are mandatory and voluntary cigarette ignition standards in the USA for mattresses (16 CFR 1632) and upholstered furniture (UFAC voluntary standards) as well as open flame ignition standards in California (TB 117) and the UK (BS 5852). Open flame ignition standards are being considered/developed for these products. Some suggest that fire retardant (FR) treatments to prevent/reduce open flame ignitions also reduce cigarette ignitions. Some reports suggest that the smoulder ignition propensity of some cellulosic fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments. Ignitions caused by cigarettes and open flames result from different types of combustion that are retarded by different mechanisms. Flaming combustion is a gas phase reaction and occurs when heat causes degradation of the polymer releasing volatile products that undergo rapid oxidation in the air, whereas smouldering combustion is a direct oxidation of either the polymer or its char. The results of textile/fibre industry studies with FR treated upholstery fabrics and a critical review of the available published literature indicate that cigarette ignition propensity of cellulose fabrics is complicated and affected by many factors and that smoulder ignition resistance of these fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments.

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Section: Fr Control Of Smouldering Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cigarette Smouldering Ignitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?

Wakelyn

Adair²,

Barker

2004

Fire and Materials

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“…Finishing techniques have been developed to make cotton smolder-resistant (152)(153)(154)(155)(156), but the use of synthetic barrier fabrics appears to provide a degree of protection. Work also has provided a means of producing cotton fabrics that have both smooth-dry and flame-retardant performance (150,151).…”

Section: Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textiles, Finishing

Calamari

Harper

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Textile finishing includes various efforts to improve the properties of textile fabrics, whether for apparel, home, or other end uses. In particular, these processes are directed toward modifying either the fiber characteristics themselves or the gross textile end properties. Such modifications may be chemical or mechanical in nature. One modification that is not covered in this article relates to the dyeing of textiles and the dyestuffs employed for fibers; however, areas that involve chemical finishing designed to modify the normal dye receptivity and the growing use of enzyme treatments are included.Fibers have been used by humans for thousands of years, but only in the twentieth century has there been such an explosion in fiber types available to the textile manufacturer. The advent of synthetic fibers possessing improved resiliency and dimensional stability has placed natural fibers, particularly cotton (qv), at an ostensible disadvantage. Before synthetics, various means to control the shrinkage, dimensional stability, and smooth-dry performance of cotton had been investigated, but the appearance of synthetics such as polyester has placed a greater sense of urgency on cotton interests to focus on the perceived deficiencies of natural fibers.Textile finishing encompasses a broad range of approaches and may be directed toward needed properties such as shrinkage control or smooth-dry performance or toward developing properties for specific end uses such as flame retardance, soil release, smolder resistance, weather resistance, or control of static charges.From a historical point of view, mechanical finishing processes have been directed toward improving shrink resistance via compressive shrinkage (Sanforized process) or calender finishing to give surface effects, which include shreinering, chintz finishing, and embossing. These latter effects are semidurable, and can be made more permanent by cross-linking with resins. However, such cross-linked fabrics seem to suffer greater loss in tearing strength when cross-linked in the calendered state. The need for calendered fabrics has decreased with the advent of cross-linked cotton, but compressive shrinkage to control garment shrinkage remains a significant component in textile mill practice, particularly for products that receive little or no resin treatments.For fabrics of thermoplastic fibers, permanent effects are obtainable if heat and pressure are applied to soften the material. Processes dealing with carpets, nonwovens, and chemical modifications or additions that occur before the fiber is formed are not discussed herein (see Nonwoven fabrics).

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“…Boric acid and other boron compounds have been reported to have retarding or inhibiting effects on the smoldering of cellulosic substrate [114][115][116][117][118]. The mechanistic nature of the retardant action of these boron compounds is not clear.…”

Section: Smoldering Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali Metal Ions and Their Effects on Smoldering and Ignition of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics-A Literature Review

Yeh

Song

Reznichenko

et al. 1993

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Several studies have previously suggested that alkali metal ions such as potassium and sodium play a critical role in the smoldering and ignition of cotton upholstery fabrics. We have conducted an extensive review of the relevant literature to identify potential sources of these ions and to delineate possible mechanisms by which they affect the smoldering and ignition of cotton upholstery fabrics. The hazard associated with the cigarette ignition of cotton upholstery fabrics is addressed in terms of statistics on fire fatalities. Potential sources of alkali metal ions on the cotton fiber have been identified as being (1) from soil and agricultural chemicals used during the growth of the cotton plant and (2) from alkali agents used in textile wet processes such as dyeing and finishing.A general framework and pathway of cellulose degradation, smoldering combustion and ignition to flaming combustion is presented. Potential effects of alkali ions on each of these processes have been analyzed. The most probable role of these ions is suggested to be a catalytic effect on the oxidation of carbonaceous char (smoldering combustion).

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Imparting Smolder-Resistance to Cotton Upholstery Fabric

Cited by 11 publications

References 1 publication

Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?

Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?

Textiles, Finishing

Alkali Metal Ions and Their Effects on Smoldering and Ignition of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics-A Literature Review

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