Imperfection of flux pinning classification based on the pinning center size

Ma, Ruifang; Ma, Yuying; Song, Wenhai; Zhu, Xuebin; Liu, Shengman; Du, Junjie; Sun, Yan; Li, Chengshan; Ji, Ping; Feng, Yang; Zhang, Pingxiang

doi:10.1016/j.physc.2004.06.009

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Unfortunately, the typical metal reforming catalysts are prone to deactivation by coking, as well as sulfur poisoning [3][4][5]. Whereas coking can be controlled with excess steam (and/or oxygen injection), the high sulfur levels in these fuels will require sulfur removal upstream of the reformer [6], if conventional reforming catalysts are employed. Therefore, the successful reforming of these fuels will largely depend on the development of a catalyst, which is resistant to both sulfur and coking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poisoning effect of thiophene on the catalytic activity of molybdenum carbide during tri-methyl pentane reforming for hydrogen generation

Cheekatamarla

Thomson

2005

Applied Catalysis A: General

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poisoning effect of thiophene on the catalytic activity of molybdenum carbide during tri-methyl pentane reforming for hydrogen generation

Cheekatamarla

Thomson

2005

Applied Catalysis A: General

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“…Moreover, these deep-desulfurization processes are accompanied by a significant decrease of the octane number [11]. New methods for the reduction of sulfur compounds from liquid fuels are based on molecular sieves such as zeolites [12], the use of transition metal compounds supported on silica gels [13] or the application of activated carbon or alumina [14]. These methods are mainly based on the selective adsorption of organosulfur compounds, resulting in significant advantages over the catalytic desulfurization process [11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur Removal from Low‐Sulfur Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by Metal‐Organic Frameworks

et al. 2010

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Several materials in the class of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) were investigated to determine their sorption characteristics for sulfur compounds from fuels. The materials were tested using different model oils and common fuels such as low-sulfur gasoline or diesel fuel at room temperature and ambient pressure. Thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene (THT) were chosen as model substances. Total-sulfur concentrations in the model oils ranged from 30 mg/kg (S from thiophene) to 9 mg/kg (S from tetrahydrothiophene) as determined by elementary analysis. Initial sulfur contents of 8 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg were identified for lowsulfur gasoline and for diesel fuel, respectively, by analysis of the common liquid fuels. Most of the MOF materials examined were not suitable for use as sulfur adsorbers. However, a high efficiency for sulfur removal from fuels and model oils was noticed for a special copper-containing MOF (copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, Cu-BTC-MOF). By use of this material, 78 wt % of the sulfur content was removed from thiophene containing model oils and an even higher decrease of up to 86 wt % was obtained for THT-based model oils. Moreover, the sulfur content of low-sulfur gasoline was reduced to 6.5 mg/kg, which represented a decrease of more than 22 %. The sulfur level in diesel fuel was reduced by an extent of 13 wt %. Time-resolved measurements demonstrated that the sulfur-sorption mainly occurs in the first 60 min after contact with the adsorbent, so that the total time span of the desulfurization process can be limited to 1 h. Therefore, this material seems to be highly suitable for sulfur reduction in commercial fuels in order to meet regulatory requirements and demands for automotive exhaust catalysis-systems or exhaust gas sensors. IntroductionThe reduction in the level of sulfur compounds in commercial gasoline and diesel fuels is a major concern of the petrol, automotive and power generation industries. This aim is a necessity not only to meet regulatory requirements but also to enhance the life-time of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems and sensors or fuel cell components. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for ultra-low sulfur fuels (preferably down to 0.1 ppmw S ) [1].As a legal guideline, the European Union has mandated the reduction of sulfur levels (S-levels) in gasoline and diesel fuels to 10 mg/kg S (10 ppmw S ) by 2009 (directive 2003/17/EC). In addition, S-levels in diesel fuel for traction engines and heating purposes was reduced from the original value of 2000 mg/kg to 1000 mg/kg in 2008 [2]. Analog regulations of the federal government of the US and the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) are proposing the implementation of ultralow sulfur diesel fuel with 15 ppmw S for 2010 [3, 4]. Similar to the EU proposals, the German government has also enacted the introduction of sulfur-free fuel (with a maximum tolerable level of sulfur of 10 mg/kg) in 2009 (Order 10. BImSchV) [5]. In order to meet these worldwide demands, oil refiners have been endeavoring to promote sulfur r...

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“…The total H 2 pressure was 3 MPa, reaction temperatures were 598, 623 and 648 K using two types of feedstock, a first one, with ~0.38% S (feed A) or a pre-treated feed with ~0.02% S (feed B), at a flow of 30 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Identical reaction conditions were used for single or stacked beds.…”

Section: Reaction Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The identification of sulphur containing compounds in the feed B was performed by doping the diesel with the standard probe molecules DBT and 4,6-DMDBT, and subsequently comparing the retention times obtained for other molecules with literature data 30 . The degree of conversion of the refractory molecules was estimated from the obtained peak areas by chromatographic analysis.…”

Section: Activity Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECT OF FLUORINE IN THE SYNERGISM Co-Mo VIA HYDROGEN SPILLOVER ON THE HYDRODESUL-PHURIZATION OF REFRACTORY MOLECULES

Méndez‐Albores¹,

Villarroel

Camu

et al. 2013

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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The influence of fluorine concentration on the synergism between Co/γ-Al 2 O 3 and Mo/γ-Al 2 O 3 stacked beds separated by 3-mm of γ-Al 2 O 3 F x (x = 0 -2.5%), in the hydrodesulphurization of refractory molecules contained in gasoil, under operating conditions similar to those of industry, was studied. The results shown, that the synergism increases with F content, reaching a maximum at 0.8% of fluorine, which it is related to changes in zero point of charge (ZPC) and acid strength, due to the incorporation of fluorine. The conversion of most refractory molecule reported is favoured by fluorine.

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Imperfection of flux pinning classification based on the pinning center size

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Poisoning effect of thiophene on the catalytic activity of molybdenum carbide during tri-methyl pentane reforming for hydrogen generation

Poisoning effect of thiophene on the catalytic activity of molybdenum carbide during tri-methyl pentane reforming for hydrogen generation

Sulfur Removal from Low‐Sulfur Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by Metal‐Organic Frameworks

EFFECT OF FLUORINE IN THE SYNERGISM Co-Mo VIA HYDROGEN SPILLOVER ON THE HYDRODESUL-PHURIZATION OF REFRACTORY MOLECULES

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