Implementation assessment of calcined and uncalcined cashew nut-shell ash with total recycled concrete aggregate in self-compacting concrete employing Bailey grading technique

Abstract

The present study concentrates on the performance evaluation of calcined and uncalcined cashew nut-shell ash (UCCNA and CCNA) with treated total recycled concrete aggregate (TRCA) in self-compacting concrete. The achievement of sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC) is possible by the implication of four stages, which includes TRCA treatment process, gradation selection process through Bailey aggregate grading technique, by considering TRCA replacement percentage with an increment of 25% and up to 100% and by considering UCCNA or CCNA replacement with an increment of 5% and up to 20%. Hardened and fresh properties of SCC have been performed and analyzed based on the compliance requirements of SCC. In addition finding results through microstructure assessment was in line with the findings of the hardened and fresh properties of SCC. In addition, quality and dynamic instability assessments of SCC were analyzed through ultrasonic pulse velocity and drying shrinkage aspects. Besides CO2, the emission rate and the efficiency rate of SCC, composites were analyzed in detail. Overall findings revealed that CCNA-based SCC mixes performed effectively than UCCNA-based SCC; specifically, incorporation of 75% of TRCA with 15% CCNA was found to be optimal. But with regard to shrinkage performance UCCNA found to be better by imputing less shrinkage compared to CCNA-based SCC mixes. Further with regard to efficiency rate of SCC composites revealed the gain of maximum efficiency of about 0.156 MPa/kg CO2/m3 and 0.160 MPa/kg CO2/m3 for 15% and 20% CCNA-based SCC mixes.

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

“…Unfortunately, cement production contributes significantly to CO2 emissions and incurs high energy costs (Thirumurugan et al 2018;Oyebisi et al 2019Oyebisi et al , 2021Mendu and Pannem 2021). To address this problem, researchers have explored CNS-derived supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) pretreated at different temperatures such as CNS ash (CNSA) (Lima and Rossignolo 2010;Pandi and Ganesan 2015;Thirumurugan et al 2018;Oyebisi et al 2019Oyebisi et al , 2021Tantri et al 2021Tantri et al , 2022, uncalcined CNS (burned below 400 °C), and CNS powder (CNSP) (Pavithra et al 2020).…”

“…Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis of CNSA revealed a dense structure with flat medium to small-sized particles. Some voids were observed, likely due to burned-out and unburnt carbon (Tantri et al 2022).…”

“…CNSA exhibits promise as a pozzolanic material and a potential SCM due to its oxide composition, allowing partial cement replacement in mortar and concrete applications. Studies indicated that a 15% replacement with CNSA is ideal for structural purposes, while a 20% substitution is suitable for non-load-bearing applications, resulting in denser and stronger concrete (Thirumurugan et al 2018;Oyebisi et al 2019;Mendu and Pannem 2021;Tantri et al 2021Tantri et al , 2022. Additional research suggests that up to 25% CNSA substitution reduces water absorption, improves curing, minimizes pores, and enhances strength (Pandi and Ganesan 2015;Oyebisi et al 2019).…”

“…Calcining CNS biomass increases its effectiveness as a substitute, allowing for a higher replacement ratio than uncalcined CNS. Specifically, studies suggest that 15 to 20% substitution with CNSA is possible, compared to only 8 to 10% with raw or uncalcined CNS (Tantri et al 2021(Tantri et al , 2022. Additionally, research on CNSP suggests that a maximum substitution percentage of 8% in cement is possible without compromising properties when combined with chicken feathers (Pavithra et al 2020).…”

Annual Transmittance Behavior of Light-Transmitting Concrete with Optical Fiber Bundles

“…SCC is known for its high workability and passing ability, and the closely spaced fibers behave as a highly reinforced section, thus it is the best-suited type of concrete. The design of concrete such as SCC provides flexibility and the required workability while opening options to improve fresh properties through gradation techniques while maintaining strength [26,27]. The concrete mix design was created per IS:10262 and EFNARC 2005 [28,29].…”