“…30 In general, Li-ion batteries in industrial applications need real-time monitoring rather than frequent offline maintenance. 31 The maintenance frequency is often lower than once a year, 32,33 resulting in a lack of capacity measurement. In this case, a data-driven model for battery aging assessment is difficult to establish, even though some agingrelated features, such as the incremental capacity (IC) information, can be readily extracted from current and voltage signals collected in real time.…”