Implementation of a Token Economy by Peer Tutors to Increase On-Task Physical Activity Time of Autistic Children

Mangus, Brent C.; Henderson, Hester; French, Ron

doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.1.97

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Although it has been demonstrated that the behavior of both non-humans and humans can be established and maintained by schedules of token reinforcement, there are very few empirical studies on the effects of token reinforcement on the behavior of young children with autism (Charlop-Christy & Haymes, 1998;Hung, 1977;Mangus, Henderson, & French, 1986). It may be particularly socially significant to investigate the use of token economies with individuals diagnosed with autism because, as has been suggested elsewhere, the initial development of conditioned reinforcers may be delayed in this population (e.g., Bijou & Ghezzi, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of token reinforcement on attending in a young child with autism

2006

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The benefits of token economies have been widely established, however there are very few empirical studies on the effects of token reinforcement on the behavior of young children with autism. The establishment of conditioned reinforcers such as tokens may be important in interventions for children with autism. Token reinforcement was used to increase the attending behavior of a young child with autism during discrete trials instruction for academic and communication skills. A reversal design showed that token reinforcement sustained attending only when the back-up reinforcer was available and was accessed immediately. The results extend and corroborate findings on token reinforcement reported in other applied settings and are also consistent with findings from basic research on conditioned reinforcement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of token reinforcement on attending in a young child with autism

2006

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“…Changes including the addition of tokens and gradual increases in PA requirements were necessary to increase Marcelo's PA. Several studies have used token reinforcement to increase PA in typically developing children or adults with ASD (Croce & Horvat, 1992; Krentz et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2019), but we could identify only a single experimental study that used tokens to increase PA in children with ASD (Mangus et al., 1986). Thus, analyzing the effectiveness of using a token‐reinforcement system to increase PA in this population and whether effects maintain following their removal remains a valuable area for future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing physical activity and analyzing parametrically the effects on stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder

Goldman

DeLeon

Schieber

et al. 2021

Behavioral Interventions

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A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and stereotypy engagement is associated with reduced physical activity (PA). Beyond health benefits, researchers have also reported decreases in stereotypy and corresponding increases in on‐task behavior in individuals with ASD following PA. However, the duration of reported PA varies among studies examining these effects and the persistence of any effect is not well understood. Furthermore, no previous study examining these effects has reported difficulty evoking adequate durations of PA. The purposes of this study were to (1) develop an intervention to increase PA engagement, (2) analyze changes in stereotypy and on‐task behavior following PA, and (3) assess persistence of changes as a function of PA duration. Four participants with ASD were observed for 10 min before, between 1 and 15 min during, and 30 min following PA. Results demonstrated that some duration of PA decreased stereotypy and increased on‐task behavior for most participants.

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“…The procedure was employed with the child with hypersensitivities to prevent exclusion from the study. The procedure included a Brief Multiple-Stimulus Without Replacement (Brief MSWO) preference assessment and a token economy system together with gradually increasing the time wearing the fNIRS cap while gradually adding more optodes to the cap [20,21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Desensitization to fNIRS Cap of a Child with ASD: Case-Study

Hartzheim¹,

Gillam²

2019

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Advances in neuroimaging technology allows for the investigation of neural activity patterns of many different populations. Some populations, such as individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) present with particular challenges, such as hypersensitivities to touch especially around the head and face. Many studies report therefore having to exclude participants due to inability to comply with equipment requirements. The purpose of this particular study was to systematically desensitize a child with ASD to a 44-channel functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy cap. The participant was a 10-year-old child with reported hypersensitivities to touch around the head. A systematic desensitization procedure was employed including a Brief Multiple-Stimulus-Without Replacement (MSWO) preference assessment, a token economy, as well as gradual increase of optodes to the cap. Results indicate that the participant was able to increase tolerance of the cap with each successive desensitization sessions, as well as completing the experimental task. The results from this case-study indicate that a systematic approach can be employed to successfully desensitize a child with ASD to wear the fNIRS cap to successfully complete an experimental task. Future research should expand the systematic approach to more participants with varying severity levels of ASD.

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Implementation of a Token Economy by Peer Tutors to Increase On-Task Physical Activity Time of Autistic Children

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

The effects of token reinforcement on attending in a young child with autism

The effects of token reinforcement on attending in a young child with autism

Increasing physical activity and analyzing parametrically the effects on stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder

Successful Desensitization to fNIRS Cap of a Child with ASD: Case-Study

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