“…The in-depth review of studies indicated that the TQM concept has been successfully implemented both in large (Flynn et al , 1995; Ahire et al , 1996) and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) (Azam et al , 2023; Ali et al , 2022). In terms of manufacturing type, most studies focus on electrical and electronic (E&E) firms and automotive (Ahire et al , 1996; Abdi and Singh, 2022; Venkateshwarlu et al , 2011) but less focus on pharmaceutical (Albuhisi and Abdallah, 2018; Tipton, 2011), food and beverages (Psomas et al , 2014).…”