“…Its ability to convert letter sequences to numeric sequences, reduce the number of different characters, and allow encoding of plaintext into two separately manipulatable units are known to be its advantages [6], [38]. Further, the Polybius square has paved the way to the development and processes of other classical ciphers that are still used today such as ADFGVX Cipher [8], [39]- [41], Bifid cipher [8], [42], Nihilist cipher [43], and Trifid cipher [44], [35]. Furthermore, modern cryptographic systems have embedded the Polybius square as a fundamental component of the cryptographic process, such as in the key generation procedures used by modern ciphers like the advance encryption standard (AES), data encryption standard (DES), and other algorithms [2], [39], [40], [45]- [50].…”