Implementation of Ultrasonic Sensing for High Resolution Measurement of Binary Gas Mixture Fractions

Bates, R. L.; Battistin, M.; Berry, S.; Bitadze, A.; Bonneau, P.; Bousson, N.; Boyd, G.; Bozza, G.; Crespo-Lopez, Olivier; Riva, Enrico Da; Degeorge, C.; Deterre, C.; DiGirolamo, B.; Doubek, M.; Favre, Gilles; Godlewski, J.; Hallewell, G. D.; Hasib, A.; Katunin, S.; Langevin, N.; Lombard, D.; Mathieu, Michel; McMahon, S. J.; Nagai, K.; Pearson, B.; Robinson, D.; Rossi, C.; Rozanov, Alexandre; Strauss, M.; Vítek, Michal; Vacek, V.; Zwalinski, L.

doi:10.3390/s140611260

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However increasing ambient pressure will also compress the transducer diaphragms, which will tend to cancel out the effect of increased pressure on the calculated value of XeUFM (%). 7 Despite the above concerns, post hoc analysis showed that within normal ranges encountered in clinical practice, changes in ambient temperature and pressure had no clinically significant effect on accuracy of XeUFM (%) measurement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Real-Time Measurement of Xenon Concentration in a Binary Gas Mixture Using a Modified Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Anesthesia Gas Flowmeter: A Technical Feasibility Study

Williams

Hallewell

Chakkarapani

et al. 2019

Anesthesia &Amp; Analgesia

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BACKGROUND: Xenon (Xe) is an anesthetic gas licensed for use in some countries. Fractional concentrations (%) of gases in a Xe:oxygen (O2) mixture are typically measured using a thermal conductivity meter and fuel cell, respectively. Speed of sound in such a binary gas mixture is related to fractional concentration, temperature, pressure, and molar masses of the component gases. We therefore performed a study to assess the feasibility of developing a novel single sterilizable device that uses ultrasound time-of-flight to measure both real-time flowmetry and fractional gas concentration of Xe in O2. METHODS: For the purposes of the feasibility study, we adapted an ultrasonic time-of-flight flowmeter from a conventional anesthetic machine to additionally measure real-time fractional concentration of Xe in O2. A total of 5095 readings of Xe % were taken in the range 5%–95%, and compared with simultaneous measurements from the gold standard of a commercially available thermal conductivity Xe analyzer. RESULTS: Ultrasonic measurements of Xe (%) showed agreement with thermal conductivity meter measurements, but there was marked discontinuity in the middle of the measurement range. Bland-Altman analysis (95% confidence interval in parentheses) yielded: mean difference (bias) 3.1% (2.9%–3.2%); lower 95% limit of agreement −4.6% (−4.8% to −4.4%); and upper 95% limit of agreement 10.8% (10.5%–11.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The adapted ultrasonic flowmeter estimated Xe (%), but the level of accuracy is insufficient for clinical use. With further work, it may be possible to develop a device to perform both flowmetry and binary gas concentration measurement to a clinically acceptable degree of accuracy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Speed of sound (c) in a binary gas mixture is related to concentration, temperature, pressure, and molar masses of the component gases based on a complex non-linear relationship 2,6,7 (Figure 2) given by the equation:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Measurement of Xenon Concentration in a Binary Gas Mixture Using a Modified Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Anesthesia Gas Flowmeter: A Technical Feasibility Study

Williams

Hallewell

Chakkarapani

et al. 2019

Anesthesia &Amp; Analgesia

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“…In recent years, the ultrasonic sensor has been successfully used to measure the concentration of mixtures. For binary mixtures, the ultrasonic features (e.g., ultrasonic attenuation and velocity) are directly correlated with concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. However, it is very difficult or even impossible to derive a physical model to characterize the relationship between ultrasonic features and component concentrations in multicomponent mixtures [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inline Measurement of Particle Concentrations in Multicomponent Suspensions using Ultrasonic Sensor and Least Squares Support Vector Machines

Zhan

Jiang

Yang

et al. 2015

Sensors

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This paper proposes an ultrasonic measurement system based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) for inline measurement of particle concentrations in multicomponent suspensions. Firstly, the ultrasonic signals are analyzed and processed, and the optimal feature subset that contributes to the best model performance is selected based on the importance of features. Secondly, the LS-SVM model is tuned, trained and tested with different feature subsets to obtain the optimal model. In addition, a comparison is made between the partial least square (PLS) model and the LS-SVM model. Finally, the optimal LS-SVM model with the optimal feature subset is applied to inline measurement of particle concentrations in the mixing process. The results show that the proposed method is reliable and accurate for inline measuring the particle concentrations in multicomponent suspensions and the measurement accuracy is sufficiently high for industrial application. Furthermore, the proposed method is applicable to the modeling of the nonlinear system dynamically and provides a feasible way to monitor industrial processes.

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“…7. Ultrasonic in binary gas: In [10] an ultrasonic instrument is used to measurement of leaks of a high molecular weight gas (octafluoropropane coolant, C3F8) into a system that is nominally composed of a single gas (nitrogen) during a long duration (18 month). The sensitivity of the instrument is due to the difference in molecular masses of the two gases in the mixture.…”

Section: Sewer Pipelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensors for Fluid Leak Detection

2015

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Fluid leak detection represents a problem that has attracted the interest of researchers, but not exclusively because in industries and services leaks are frequently common. Indeed, in water or gas supplies, chemical or thermal plants, sea-lines or cooling/heating systems leakage rates can cause important economic losses and sometimes, what it is more relevant, environmental pollution with human, animal or plant lives at risk. This last issue has led to increased national and international regulations with different degrees of severity regarding environmental conservation.Early fluid detection represents an important challenge to avoid the problems mentioned above. This special issue was proposed with the aim of attracting new technological developments and methods in sensors based on physical, chemical or biological principles. The following is a summary of works published in this special issue representing the achievements obtained. They are organized according to the main topics and applications addressed in the special issue, which can serve to the reader as a first introduction guide to each work:1. CO2 and CH4 leakage in natural reservoir with micro-seismicity: In [1] an array of eight short-period borehole geophones, three pressure-temperature sensors and two fluid-sample sensors were deployed with the aim of detecting induced micro-seismicity associated with CO2 activity, including injection, within a natural reservoir in the Pembina oil field in Alberta/Canada. The primary objective was to investigate potentially occurring CO2-induced seismic signatures on a two-week period framing a substantial CO2 and CH4 leakage. Radar is the technology used for leaks detection in water distribution systems, the instrument is equipped with a monostatic antenna operating at a central frequency of 1.5 GHz. The data collected as images are conveniently processed and analyzed based on the identification of vertical and horizontal profiles in the images. Wireless Sensor Networks and Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is the technology used in [5] for the design and simulation of a water pipeline leakage monitoring system. The design is based on deploying a group of mobile wireless sensor nodes and allowing them to work cooperatively according to a prescheduled order. Only a node is active at a time while the remainders are sleeping, which are activated based on three kinds of events: location-based, time-based and interrupt-based. Each node, equipped with a pressure sensor, a microcontroller and a RFID reader, records pressures and its location based on its exposure to signals of active RFID tags placed outside of the pipeline surface. The mobile sensor nodes move with the water current from the pipeline source down to the sink where the node is collected and its memory content transferred to a computer for numerical analysis. In the context of water distribution systems at home, numerical models are tested in [6] to determine when an event occurs (tap open, high/low water consumption, seepage). This includes leak dete...

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Implementation of Ultrasonic Sensing for High Resolution Measurement of Binary Gas Mixture Fractions

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Real-Time Measurement of Xenon Concentration in a Binary Gas Mixture Using a Modified Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Anesthesia Gas Flowmeter: A Technical Feasibility Study

Real-Time Measurement of Xenon Concentration in a Binary Gas Mixture Using a Modified Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Anesthesia Gas Flowmeter: A Technical Feasibility Study

Inline Measurement of Particle Concentrations in Multicomponent Suspensions using Ultrasonic Sensor and Least Squares Support Vector Machines

Sensors for Fluid Leak Detection

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