Implications of EMF Exposure Limits on Output Power Levels for 5G Devices Above 6 GHz

Colombi, Davide; Thors, Björn; Törnevik, Christer

doi:10.1109/lawp.2015.2400331

Cited by 92 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) products, which operate at frequencies in 60 GHz band, are now commercially available, with additional MMW frequency bands expected to be used in the fifth generation wireless communication technologies [1][2][3]. Industrial development of 60 GHz technology and user expectations have increased concomitantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Kojima

Suzuki

Sasaki

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

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The objective of this study was to develop a model of ocular damage induced by 40, 75, and 95 GHz continuous millimeter waves (MMW), thereby allowing assessment of the clinical course of ocular damage resulting from exposure to thermal damage-inducing MMW. This study also examined the dependence of ocular damage on incident power density. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to 40, 75, and 95 GHz MMW from a spot-focus-type lens antenna. Slight ocular damage was observed 10 min after MMW exposure, including reduced cornea thickness and reduced transparency. Diffuse fluorescein staining around the pupillary area indicated corneal epithelial injury. Slit-lamp examination 1 day after MMW exposure revealed a round area of opacity, accompanied by fluorescence staining, in the central pupillary zone. Corneal edema, indicative of corneal stromal damage, peaked 1 day after MMW exposure, with thickness gradually subsiding to normal. Three days after exposure, ocular conditions had almost normalized, though corneal thickness was slightly greater than that before exposure. The 50% probability of ocular damage (DD 50 ) was in the order 40 > 95 ≈ 75 GHz at the same incident power densities. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2018) 39:912-925 https://doi

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Kojima

Suzuki

Sasaki

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

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“…It is shown that the uplink transmit power in mmWave networks is even smaller than that of sub-6GHz system [22] and power control can be neglected for mmWave networks [7]. Therefore, we assume that the mmWave UEs transmit with constant power P u and that the sub-6GHz UEs utilize fractional power control (FPC) in the uplink to partially compensate for the long-term channel variation [23].…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoupled Heterogeneous Networks With Millimeter Wave Small Cells

Shi

Yang

Xing

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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Deploying sub-6GHz network together with millimeter wave (mmWave) is a promising solution to simultaneously achieve sufficient coverage and high data rate. In the heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the traditional coupled access, i.e., the users are constrained to be associated with the same base station in both downlink and uplink, is no longer optimal, and the concept of downlink and uplink decoupling has recently been proposed. In this paper, we propose an analytical framework to investigate the traditional sub-6GHz HetNets integrating with mmWave small cells (SCells) with decoupled access, where both the uplink power control and mmWave interference are taken into account. Using the tools from stochastic geometry, the performance metrics of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio coverage probability, userperceived rate coverage probability, and area sum rate are derived. The impact of the densification of different SCells on the network performance is also analyzed to give insights on the network design.Simulation results validate the accuracy of our analysis, and reveal that mmWave interference can not be neglected when the mmWave SCells are extremely dense and that different kinds of SCells have various effects on the network performance and thus need to be organized properly. Index TermsHeterogeneous networks, millimeter wave, downlink and uplink decoupling, stochastic geometry.

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“…The exposure limits change from SAR to power density, at frequencies above 3 GHz (IEEE), 6 GHz (FCC), and 10 GHz (ICNIRP), as shown in the Table 2. The effects of the EMF exposure and limits above 6 GHz and up to 70 GHz, based on the maximum possible radiated power from a device are discussed in [24]. This paper provides relevant input and adds value to the 5G mobile networks, which is based on power density quantity.…”

Section: Antenna and Head Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emf Exposure Analysis for a Compact Multi-Band 5g Antenna

Yazdandoost¹,

Laakso²

2018

PIER M

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Abstract-The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems are projected to work at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency bands that would bring new challenges with the implementation of antennas and safety level of electromagnetic field exposures. In this paper, a new design of 5G mmwave antenna for multi-frequency bands has been introduced. The antenna is small enough and has a form factor that can be easily fit into the current available mobile handset devices. The proposed antenna covers all the nominated frequency bands by the FCC for 5G communications and has good radiation performances at 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz, and 64-71 GHz. The electromagnetic field exposure to the human head model has been studied by means of numerical simulation for all above frequency bands. The feature of our proposed antenna is that all the frequency bands for the 5th generation mobile handset will be available in a single and simple antenna structure; hence, analysis of EMF exposure in a wide range of frequency can be done on a single antenna design.

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Implications of EMF Exposure Limits on Output Power Levels for 5G Devices Above 6 GHz

Cited by 92 publications

References 4 publications

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Decoupled Heterogeneous Networks With Millimeter Wave Small Cells

Emf Exposure Analysis for a Compact Multi-Band 5g Antenna

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