Implications of intercontinental renewable electricity trade for energy systems and emissions

Guo, Fei; Ruijven, Bas van; Zakeri, Behnam; Zhang, Shining; Chen, Xing; Liu, Changyi; Yang, Fang; Krey, Volker; Riahi, Keywan; Huang, Han; Zhou, Yong‐Wu

doi:10.1038/s41560-022-01136-0

Cited by 41 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Industrialization has led to a rapid increase in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere due to the consumption of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution, and the ensuing "greenhouse effect" has had a serious impact on the human environment especially in terms of climate change. [1][2][3] To mitigate this adverse effect, a variety of advanced technologies have been developed to achieve CO 2 emission reduction, atmospheric CO 2 capture, fixation as well as efficient conversion of CO 2 to achieve DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202302398 "carbon neutrality". [4][5][6] As an emerging high energy density energy storage device (1876 Wh kg −1 ) with favorable CO 2 real-time capture and fixation characteristics, Li-CO 2 battery provides a new option for the realization of carbon neutrality goal and is receiving increasing attention accordingly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries

Deng,

Yang,

Yin

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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Optimized structural support widely affects the improvement of interface structure, promoting the quantity and quality of active species simultaneously for Lithium battery cathodes. Herein, a highly dispersed and anchored active species at the interface of the Zr/CeO2(111) are achieved and are used for advanced Li‐CO2 batteries cathodes. Benefiting from the abundant Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce site, the CO2 adsorption and reduction is enhanced by the migration of the electron density in the C═O of CO2 to Ru. The established Li‐CO2 batteries exhibit excellent activity of 21 075 mAh g−1 and outstanding durability of over 167 cycles as well as low overpotential with 1.03 V at a discharge/recharge rate of 100 mA g−1. The executed experiments combined with DFT calculations unveil that the cubic bimetallic oxide supported Ru exhibits optimized electronic structure at the interface compared to the monoclinic or tetragonal monometallic oxide support, promoting the increase of discharge voltage (from ≈2.5 to 2.73 V). Fundamentally, the redistribution of electron density on the active species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce are intrinsic to above positive change, which are promoted by the synergistic interaction of Zr and Ce. This investigation provides an approach for the advancement of Li‐CO2 batteries catalytic cathodes and for the promotion of “carbon neutral” goals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries

Deng,

Yang,

Yin

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The boundary conditions are set as follows (1) The potential of the head plate is E and the potential of the tail plate is 0.…”

Section: Large-scale Commercial Awementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Bunching Effect of Large-Scale Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Wei,

Xia,

Cheng

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Alkaline water electrolysers (AWEs) are suitable for the industrial hydrogen production driven by renewable energy sources. However, the understanding about the operating principle of large-scale AWEs is not profound and enough. Here, we report the current bunching effect and its related phenomena for large-scale AWEs, namely low-load inefficiency and anomalous efficiency-temperature relationship. It is generally thought that the electrolysis or ionic current is distributed uniformly on the surface of bipolar plates in AWEs, but in fact, the current is not consistent and locates within narrow areas especially for low-load states. Through the detailed electric field calculation, the mechanism of current bunching effect is revealed. It is pointed out that the physical structures and electrical characteristics instead of the chemical properties of AWEs are strongly related to the current bunching effect. Based on the found current bunching effect, the inefficiency and anomalous efficiency-temperature relationship of low-load AWEs can be explained effectively. This work sheds new light on and provides inspiration for the further development of the industrial hydrogen production from fluctuating renewable energy sources based on low-cost AWEs.

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“…Imbalances between energy production and demand have promoted inter-regional energy trade among regions. − In large countries such as China, both primary energy and secondary energy are widely traded across regions, forming a complex trade network. − Water is consumed by energy production and then transferred virtually across the energy trade network. This large-scale virtual water transfer has already raised concerns as it results in transboundary water resource displacement and impacts regional water stress .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Water Embodied in Interregional Energy Trade in China: A City-Level Analysis

Jin,

Feng,

Yuan

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Large volumes of water are used in energy production for both primary (e.g., fuel extraction) and secondary energy (e.g., electricity). In countries such as China, with a large internal trade in fuels and long-distance transmission grids, this can result in considerable water inequalities. Previous research focused on the water impacts of energy production at the national and provincial levels, which is too coarse to identify the spatial differences and make specific case studies. Here, we take the next step toward a spatially explicit economically integrated water-use for energy assessment by combining a bottom-up assessment approach with a city-level multiregional input−output model. Specifically, we examine the water consumption of energy production in China, distinguishing between water for primary and secondary energy at the level of coal mines, oil and gas fields, and power plants for the first time. Of the total energy-related freshwater consumption of 4.9 Gm 3 in 2017, primary energy accounted for 19% (940 Mm 3 ) and secondary energy accounted for 81% (3955 Mm 3 ). Coal was the largest water consumer for both primary and secondary energy (540 and 3880 Mm 3 , respectively), with both oil (361, and 0.5 Mm 3 , respectively) and gas (7 and 69 Mm 3 , respectively) also consuming large amounts. Intercity virtual water, that is, water embodied in energy trade across cities, reached 54% (2.6 Gm 3 ) of energy-related freshwater consumption. Across China, 32% of cities see a bilateral trade in secondary-and primary-energy-related virtual water (e.g., Daqing city exports virtual water embodied in primary fuel to other cities that is then used to produce electricity in those cities, part of which is used back in Daqing via transmission). For these 32% of cities, 73% export more virtual water than import and 27% import more virtual water than export. This study reveals significant differences in city-level virtual water patterns (e.g., scale and direction) between primary and secondary energy to provide information for cities about their virtual water inflow and outflow and the potential collaboration partners for water management.

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Implications of intercontinental renewable electricity trade for energy systems and emissions

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries

Current Bunching Effect of Large-Scale Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Virtual Water Embodied in Interregional Energy Trade in China: A City-Level Analysis

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Implications of intercontinental renewable electricity trade for energy systems and emissions

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO2 Batteries

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO2 Batteries

Current Bunching Effect of Large-Scale Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Virtual Water Embodied in Interregional Energy Trade in China: A City-Level Analysis

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Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries

Boosting Active Species Ru‐O‐Zr/Ce Construction at the Interface of Phase‐Transformed Zirconia‐Ceria Isomerism toward Advanced Catalytic Cathodes for Li‐CO₂ Batteries