Implications of the UK field trial of building mounted horizontal axis micro-wind turbines

James, P.A.B.; Sissons, Maia; Bradford, John; Myers, L.E.; Bahaj, A.S.; Anwar, Arif A.; Green, S.

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.070

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The DECC wind speed database has been widely used by installers and planners for a number of 63 years to identify sites for the installation of micro-wind turbines (James et al, 2010;Walker, 2011 where U is the wind speed at a height z, is the friction velocity and K 99…”

Section: Current Methods Of Estimating the Wind Resource In Urban Arementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a number of high profile field 34 studies have shown that currently, small wind turbines installed in urban areas in the UK generally 35 produce less energy than expected prior to installation. This has raised doubts about their potential, 36 *Manuscript Click here to view linked References both in the context of the financial benefits to the owner and with respect to decarbonising the UK 37 energy supply (Encraft, 2009;James et al, 2010). 38…”

Section: Introduction 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the potential yield of small wind turbines in urban areas: A case study for Greater London, UK

Drew

Barlow

Cockerill

2013

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

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 We derive a new map of annual mean wind speeds across Greater London  Results used to assess the best location for small wind turbine installations  Small wind turbines perform better towards outskirts of Greater London  Distance from city centre is a useful parameter for siting small wind turbines  Very few sites identified which meet threshold wind speed outlined in literature To optimise the placement of small wind turbines in urban areas a detailed understanding of the 7 spatial variability of the wind resource is required. At present, due to a lack of observations, the 8 NOABL wind speed database is frequently used to estimate the wind resource at a potential site. 9However, recent work has shown that this tends to overestimate the wind speed in urban areas. This 10 paper suggests a method for adjusting the predictions of the NOABL in urban areas by considering 11 the impact of the underlying surface on a neighbourhood scale. In which, the nature of the surface is 12 characterised on a 1 km 2 resolution using an urban morphology database. 13The model was then used to estimate the variability of the annual mean wind speed across Greater 14London at a height typical of current small wind turbine installations. Initial validation of the results 15 suggests that the predicted wind speeds are considerably more accurate than the NOABL values. The 16 derived wind map therefore currently provides the best opportunity to identify the neighbourhoods 17 in Greater London at which small wind turbines yield their highest energy production. 18The results showed that the wind speed predicted across London is relatively low, exceeding 4 ms -1 19 at only 27% of the neighbourhoods in the city. Of these sites less than 10% are within 10 km of the 20 city centre, with the majority over 20 km from the city centre. Consequently, it is predicted that 21 small wind turbines tend to perform better towards the outskirts of the city, therefore for cities 22 B G L 23 useful parameter for siting small wind turbines. However, there are a number of neighbourhoods 24 close to the city centre at which the wind speed is relatively high and these sites can only been 25 identified with a detailed representation of the urban surface, such as that developed in this study. 26

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Section: Current Methods Of Estimating the Wind Resource In Urban Arementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the potential yield of small wind turbines in urban areas: A case study for Greater London, UK

Drew

Barlow

Cockerill

2013

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

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“…Wind generation, however, has also been shown to cause noise problems and have a low yield in urban locations (Watson et al 2008). Numerous papers have been published on the yield of PV, for example: Allen and Hammond (2010), Ren et al (2010), James et al (2010), Bahaj and James (2007); and with a specific focus on urban environments by Steemers (2003), Tian et al (2007) and Compagnon (2004). Huld et al (2008) show that a typical yield of a PV system in the UK is around 750-800 kWh/year per kWp-installed power.…”

Section: Csh Level 6 Building and System Design: Practical Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the zero-carbon performance of compact urban dwellings

Steijger

Buswell

Smedley

et al. 2013

Journal of Building Performance Simulation

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“…The number of BWT installations is increasing as consumers have easier access to relatively inexpensive SWTs (James et al 2010). In 2010, BWT units experienced substantial sales growth to more than 1,700 kW, or 7% of 2010 U.S. SWT capacity sales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap

Smith¹,

Forsyth²,

Sinclair³

et al. 2012

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Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.iii Abbreviations and Acronyms Executive SummaryFor the United States to generate 20% of its electricity requirements from wind technology by 2030, strong support from the general public will be needed. The majority of this production will come from large commercial wind projects installed throughout the United States, both land-based and offshore. To date, many of the easily developable sites have already been utilized, and future sites could face a range of potential barriers, including resistance from the general public.Although only a small contributor to total electricity production needs, built-environment wind turbines (BWTs) nonetheless have the potential to influence the public's perception of renewable energy, and wind energy in particular. Higher population concentrations in urban environments offer greater opportunities for project visibility and an opportunity to acquaint large numbers of people to the advantages of wind projects. However, turbine failures will be equally visible. High-profile installations, many of which have failed to produce electricity as advertised, could have a negative effect on public safety and perception of wind technology because the general public cannot differentiate between emerging technology and proven technology used in the commercial wind industry.The market currently encourages BWT deployment before the technology is ready for full-scale commercialization. "To provide current, state-of-the-science recommendations for optimization (reliable and safe) of wind turbine design and placement in the built environment, assessment of potential challenges unique to the built environment, a list of barriers, and priorities for addressing those knowledge gaps with data/observations and modeling tools."Workshop attendees identified barriers to BWT deployment in five key areas.• Safety is considered the most critical issue for BWTs. Sub-areas include fatigue resistance, braking redundancy, fail-safe mechanisms, and ice-and part-shedding containment.• Understanding the wind resource (including annual averages, turbulence, and extremes) and developing better wind resource maps are also considered high priorities to support BWTs.• Improvements to the turbine technology, such as using control strategies to reduce vibration and noise, understanding loads measurements and yaw rates, and developing design and testing standards, will move the BWT industry toward stronger customer acceptance. v• At the same time, in terms of building-mounted systems, understanding building interactions will be pivotal. Concerns exist regarding resonance frequencies, and an understanding of how the building-turbine vibrations are coupled is needed. BWT system designs must comply with building codes as well as integrate with the building's mechanical and electrical systems.• Non-technical obstacles, such as concerns regarding safety hazards during installation, operations and maintenance, and inspections must be unders...

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Implications of the UK field trial of building mounted horizontal axis micro-wind turbines

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

Estimating the potential yield of small wind turbines in urban areas: A case study for Greater London, UK

Estimating the potential yield of small wind turbines in urban areas: A case study for Greater London, UK

Establishing the zero-carbon performance of compact urban dwellings

Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap

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