Implicit speech in reading: Reconsidered.

Klapp, Stuart T.; Anderson, Wallace G.; Berrian, Raymond W.

doi:10.1037/h0035471

Cited by 171 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…Klapp, Anderson, and Berrian (1973) found that English five-letter words were named significantly faster when they were monosyllabic than when they were bisyllabic although the words did not differ in response duration as shown by Klapp and Erwin (1976). This finding was recently replicated by Santiago et al (1996) when onset complexity was controlled.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

The Effect of Visually Masked Syllable Primes on the Naming Latencies of Words and Pictures

Schiller

1998

Journal of Memory and Language

103

128

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To investigate the role of the syllable in Dutch speech production, five experiments were carried out to examine the effect of visually masked syllable primes on the naming latencies for written words and pictures. Targets had clear syllable boundaries and began with a CV syllable (e.g., ka.no) or a CVC syllable (e.g., kak.tus), or had ambiguous syllable boundaries and began with a CV [C] syllable (e.g., ka [pp]er). In the syllable match condition, bisyllabic Dutch nouns or verbs were preceded by primes that were identical to the target's first syllable. In the syllable mismatch condition, the prime was either shorter or longer than the target's first syllable. A neutral condition was also included. None of the experiments showed a syllable priming effect. Instead, all related primes facilitated the naming of the targets. It is concluded that the syllable does not play a role in the process of phonological encoding in Dutch. Because the amount of facilitation increased with increasing overlap between prime and target, the priming effect is accounted for by a segmental overlap hypothesis.

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supporting

confidence: 69%

The Effect of Visually Masked Syllable Primes on the Naming Latencies of Words and Pictures

Schiller

1998

Journal of Memory and Language

103

128

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“…It is true that Eriksen, Pollack, and Montague (1970) and Klapp (1971Klapp ( , 1973 have shown that an implicit speech mechanism played a role in perceptual encoding. They have found that response latency to a word or to a two-digit number increased with the number of syllables in the stimulus: 11 msec isyllable according to Eriksen, 20 msec according to Klapp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response latency and the content of immediate memory

Fraisse

Smirnov

1976

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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We measured latency and speed of verbal responses to letters presented simultaneously (Experiment I) or in succession (Experiment IT). In simultaneous presentation and within the limits of memory span, response latency increases proportionally to the number of. responses. In successive presentation, the same function is found when more than three responses are given. In both situations, response speed is constant. The increase in latency is about 70 msec per response. Such a duration is too long to be explained by a process of encoding but too short to result from subvocal rehearsal. This latency seems to correspond to the preparation of the response.The span of immediate memory has been investigated by many authors, but little attention has been given to variations of latency as a function of the number of items recalled.The hypothesis tested here is that latency of the first response will increase with the number of items recalled. The aim of the present study is to examine the factors associated with this increase in latency. Is this increase due to processes of reception and processing of information or is it due to the preparation of the response?In order to test the value of these two explanations, two situations which are classical in the study of immediate memory were compared. In one situation (Experiment I), stimuli were simultaneous and brief; in the second (Experiment II), they were presented successively. In both situations, the same type of response was required from the subject. The comparison of these two situations should enable us to clarify the respective role of the input and the output.Furthermore, we measured the rate of responses, predicting that this index would throw some light on how information is processed. EXPERIMENT I Response Latency to Letters Presented SimultaneouslyWe measured the latency of the first response to a brief presentation of one to five letters.Materials. The material consisted of the letters of the alphabet, with the exception of G, I, N, P, Q and W, which were omitted to avoid visual confusion. random order on a circular surface (diameter, 28 mm; visual angle, 1.3 deg) and the subjects were asked to recall the letters without regard to order. Situation Bserial recall: The letters were arranged on a horizontal line, the space between two consecutive letters being 3 mm. Subjects were asked to recall the letters in order, from left to right.The number of letters printed on each card varied from one to five. For each number of letters and for each of Situations A and B, six different cards were constructed by randomly assigning letters to each card, so that an equally frequent presentation of all letters was obtained. MethodProcedure. The cards were presented through a three-channel tachistoscope (Scientific Prototype, Model GB) during 50 msec, a duration that Sperling '(1967) judged sufficient for identifying five letters. Luminance was 10 fl.Before presenting the experimental material to the subject, the experimenter explained the two possible spatial arrangements an...

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“…Furthermore, the fact that words with more syllables have longer speech onset latencies than words with fewer syllables when other factors, such as number of segments or word frequency are controlled for does not pose a problem for this proposal. These effects of word length can be explained by assuming that the phonological rather than the phonetic encoding of a phonological word must be completed before speech onset (see Eriksen, Pollack, & Montague, 1970;Klapp, Anderson, & Berrian, 1973;Meyer et al, 2003;Santiago, MacKay, Palma, & Rho, 2000, but see also Roelofs, 2002;Santiago, MacKay, & Palma, 2002;Wheeldon & Lahiri, 1997). Further research is needed to investigate which planning unit is used in a given speech context and what factors release the articulation initiation.…”

Section: Disyllabic Pseudo-words With Frequency Manipulated Syllablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of syllable frequency in speech production

2006

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In the speech production model proposed by [Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, pp. 1-75.], syllables play a crucial role at the interface of phonological and phonetic encoding. At this interface, abstract phonological syllables are translated into phonetic syllables. It is assumed that this translation process is mediated by a so-called Mental Syllabary. Rather than constructing the motor programs for each syllable on-line, the mental syllabary is hypothesized to provide pre-compiled gestural scores for the articulators. In order to find evidence for such a repository, we investigated syllable-frequency effects: If the mental syllabary consists of retrievable representations corresponding to syllables, then the retrieval process should be sensitive to frequency differences. In a series of experiments using a symbol-position association learning task, we tested whether highfrequency syllables are retrieved and produced faster compared to low-frequency syllables. We found significant syllable frequency effects with monosyllabic pseudo-words and disyllabic pseudo-words in which the first syllable bore the frequency manipulation; no effect was found when the frequency manipulation was on the second syllable. The implications of these results for the theory of word form encoding at the interface of phonological and phonetic encoding; especially with respect to the access mechanisms to the mental syllabary in the speech production model by (Levelt et al.) are discussed. q

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Implicit speech in reading: Reconsidered.

Cited by 171 publications

References 10 publications

The Effect of Visually Masked Syllable Primes on the Naming Latencies of Words and Pictures

The Effect of Visually Masked Syllable Primes on the Naming Latencies of Words and Pictures

Response latency and the content of immediate memory

Effects of syllable frequency in speech production

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