Important Issues Concerning Use of Term ‘Copers’ in Chronic Ankle Instability Research

Liang, Wen-Yew; Jain, Tarang; Santos, Márcio Aurélio Líns dos; Heller, David J.; Hiller, Claire E.

doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0279-2

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…CAIT and FAAM scores in the CAI group were statistically smaller than in the coper (CAIT: p > 0.001, FAAM: p > 0.05) and healthy groups (CAIT: p > 0.001, FAAM: p > 0.05). Inclusion criteria for the copers and individuals with CAI are presented in ▶table 1 [9,14,26]. Inclusion criteria for the healthy population were that they must have never sustained an ankle sprain injury.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inclusion criteria for the healthy population were that they must have never sustained an ankle sprain injury. The healthy population should have a score ≥ 28 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) indicating no ankle instability [9,14,26]. An a priori power analysis (α = 0.05, β = 0.80) performed on similar BES during SLB determined that an average of 20 participants per group is necessary (range = 16-22 participants) [17,23].…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Static Postural Stability in Chronic Ankle Instability, an Ankle Sprain and Healthy Ankles

Kwon

2018

Int J Sports Med

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To identify the single leg balance (SLB) test that discriminates among healthy, coper, and chronic ankle instability (CAI) groups and to determine effects of ankle muscles on the balance error scoring system (BESS) among the three populations. 60 subjects (20 per group) performed the SLB test with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Normalized mean amplitude (NMA) of the tibia anterior (TA), fibularis longus (FL), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles and BESS were measured while performing the SLB test. The coper group had a lower error score than the CAI group in the EC. NMA was greater in the CAI group compared to in the healthy and coper groups regardless of muscle type. NMA of the TA was less than the PL and MG regardless of the group in the EO. The CAI group demonstrated greater NMAs of the PL and MG than the healthy and coper groups in the EC. The CAI group demonstrated greater NMA of the PL and MG by compensating their ankle muscles in the EO and EC. BESS suggests that the coper group may have coping mechanisms to stabilize static postural control compared to the CAI group. The EC may be better to detect static postural instability in the CAI or coper group.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Postural Stability in Chronic Ankle Instability, an Ankle Sprain and Healthy Ankles

Kwon

2018

Int J Sports Med

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“…Liu et al. () suggest that future investigation needs to explore LAS‐Adaptors, as another category of LAS‐Copers, who can manage their ankle pathology by using a supportive ankle device. Therefore, future study should consider information regarding use of ankle tape or brace during the screening process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying levels of function between different subgroups of chronic ankle instability

Terada

Bowker

Hiller

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The purpose of this original investigation was to determine if selected sensorimotor, mechanical, and self-reported measures are different among chronic ankle instability (CAI) subgroups, healthy control participants, and lateral ankle sprain copers (LAS-Copers). Ninety-four participants volunteered and were categorized into perceived ankle instability (PI) alone (n = 13), recurrent ankle sprains (RAS) alone (n = 12), PI in combination with RAS (PI-RAS; n = 25), LAS-Copers (n = 18), and controls (n = 26). Participants completed self-assessed global, regional, and psychological health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) questionnaires and assessments of sensorimotor function and mechanical joint laxity. One-way ANOVAs were performed with the intention of reducing the number of original outcomes into a smaller number of predictor variables. Discriminant functional analysis was used to establish which specific measures best differentiate between groups. Eight outcome measures from neural excitability, postural control, static postural control, and HRQOL showed a significant differentiation between five groups (Wilk's λ = 0.26, χ = 114 45, P < 0.001, canonical correlation = 0.80) and correctly determined only 58.1% of group membership, and the PI-RAS and control groups were the only fit in the proposed model. A different model or other sensorimotor outcomes from more dynamic and complex tasks may be needed for the PI, RAS, and LAS-Coper groups.

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“… b A CAIT score ≥28 indicates a stable ankle; a score ≤24 indicates ankle instability. 14 , 27 c An FAAM-ADL score <90% indicates ankle instability. 14 , 27 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,27 c An FAAM-ADL score <90% indicates ankle instability. 14,27 The Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine Foot and Shank Coordination During Walking 3 frontal plane ankle motion for IV and EV and transverse plane tibial motion for TER and TIR. The coupling angle variability was also obtained from the vector coding analysis.…”

Section: Vector Coding Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot and Shank Coordination During Walking in Copers Compared With Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability and Controls

Kweon

Harrison²,

Williams

et al. 2022

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) alters sensorimotor function and joint coordination, but ankle coordination during walking in copers (patients with a history of ankle sprain without any residual symptoms of CAI) remains unknown. Purpose: To identify foot and shank coordination patterns that discriminate among individuals with CAI, copers, and healthy controls and to investigate whether copers display a different strategy to overcome altered sensorimotor function after a lateral ankle sprain compared with individuals with CAI and healthy controls. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 51 participants (17 participants with CAI, 17 copers, 17 healthy controls) walked on an instrumented treadmill at a fixed speed of 1.20 m/s for a 10-second trial, from which 8 consecutive gait cycles were extracted for analysis. Heel strike and toe-off were identified for each stance phase, and each stance phase was normalized to 100 time frames. A curve analysis was performed to detect group mean differences in vector coding coupling angles and coordination variabilities for sagittal plane ankle motion/transverse plane tibial plane motion (SAK/TT) and frontal plane ankle motion/transverse plane tibial motion (FAK/TT) with 90% CIs. Results: During the terminal stance, CAI and coper groups demonstrated an inversion–tibial external rotation coupling, while controls displayed a dorsiflexion–tibial internal rotation strategy. During midstance, there were no differences between the coper, CAI, or control groups. At 0% to 20% of stance, the CAI group showed the most variability, while copers showed the least. During midstance, both copers and controls displayed an increase in variability earlier than the CAI group. The CAI group displayed a peak in variability from 39% to 43% of stance, which was greater than copers. During the propulsive phase (from heel-off to toe-off), the CAI group showed greater SAK/TT variability than both copers and controls. Similar to SAK/TT variability, the CAI group showed an earlier peak in FAK/TT variability compared with controls. Conclusion: The CAI, coper, and control groups displayed different ankle joint coupling patterns and coordination variability during a walking gait cycle. Clinical Relevance: Copers may have the ability to alter their coordination during walking, which may help us understand the underlying mechanism of CAI.

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Important Issues Concerning Use of Term ‘Copers’ in Chronic Ankle Instability Research

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Static Postural Stability in Chronic Ankle Instability, an Ankle Sprain and Healthy Ankles

Static Postural Stability in Chronic Ankle Instability, an Ankle Sprain and Healthy Ankles

Quantifying levels of function between different subgroups of chronic ankle instability

Foot and Shank Coordination During Walking in Copers Compared With Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability and Controls

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