“…Such demand may be imposed either directly, through behaviors that solicit forms of investment as in Angelman syndrome, or indirectly, through selforiented, non-social behavior that precludes or delays physical independence, requiring mothers or others to provide longer-term, more highly-intensive care. This 18 hypothesis is concordant with several lines of evidence, including: (1) accelerated brain and body growth in young children with autism and increased relative effects from paternally-expressed imprinted genes (Crespi and Badcock 2008), (2) imprinted gene effects on reaction to novelty, and dispersal, in mice (Isles et al 2002;Plagge et al 2005), (3) a higher incidence of autism in males, who are more costly than females to rear (Gibson and Mace 2003;Rickard et al 2007;Tamimi et al 2003), (4) myriad reports of close and sustained, if atypical, relationships between mothers and their autistic children (e. g., Hoffman et al 2009), and (5) temperaments of autistic children that involve higher rates of activity, impulsivity, and non-compliance (e. g., Garon et al 2009).…”