dissolve nonpolar substrates, while avoiding enzyme inactivation like water-miscible organic solvents, as DMSO or acetonitrile, often do [6]. Another mentioned characteristic of ILs is the possibility of obtaining the desired physicochemical properties by selecting combinations of cations and anions ("tunability"), which makes them "designer solvents". For example, ILs can be produced to be water-miscible, partially miscible or totally immiscible, and can also be synthesized with different viscosities. These interesting properties make them a very important reaction media for enzyme stabilization and reaction. The use of organic solvents in bioprocess presents a number of further problems. The main concerns are the toxicity of the organic solvents to both the process operators and the environment (eco-toxicity), and also the volatile and flammable nature of these solvents, which make them a potential explosion hazard [7]. Thus, ILs have emerged as a potential replacement for organic solvents in biocatalytic processes at both laboratory and industrial scale. The negligible vapor pressure means that they emit no volatile compounds, and also introduces the additional possibility of removal of products by distillation without further contamination by the solvent. It also facilitates the recycling of ILs, decreasing operation costs. All these properties make ILs very important for the stabilization and activation of enzymes; therefore, numerous enzymatic reactions have been investigated in different types of ILs as will be shown in the next sections. Several topics about biocatalysis in ILs will be reviewed: their effect on the activity and stability of enzymes, toxicity of ILs, new generation of ILs and methods to stabilize enzymes will be discussed.