Improved bone mineralization and growth in premature infants fed fortified own mother's milk

Greer, Frank R.; McCormick, Ann

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80227-0

Cited by 136 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…No neurodevelopmental benefits were found at 18 months' corrected age. That fortification leads to better outcomes is illustrated by numerous studies where, similar to the Cochrane report above, better weight gain and improved gains in length were observed in infants fed fortified versus unfortified human milk [32,33,34]. Various other studies not reviewed here have demonstrated improved calcium, phosphorus, and sodium after supplementation.…”

Section: Human Milksupporting

confidence: 66%

Human Milk and the Premature Infant

Bhatia¹

2013

Ann Nutr Metab

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Human milk is the preferred feeding for both term and preterm infants. While being considered optimal for term infants, human milk, even from mothers delivering preterm infants, is lacking in protein, energy, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus, resulting in poorer growth and nutrient deficiencies when compared to formulas designed for these high-risk infants. Further, the lack of growth is associated with long-term adverse consequences. Since human milk has unique properties in promoting gastrointestinal maturation and immunological benefits, it is prudent to implement strategies to fortify it appropriately to realize its benefits which include reduced rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, fewer episodes of sepsis and urinary tract infections, and improved visual and neurocognitive development. Donor human milk is being widely used when mothers' own milk is not available or is in short supply. While it retains some of the biological properties and clinical benefits of mothers' own milk, it requires additional care in fortification, especially if the donor milk is from a pool of term human milk. As nutritional strategies improve, the ultimate goal is to minimize extrauterine growth restriction and promote appropriate growth after regaining birth weight.

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Section: Human Milksupporting

confidence: 66%

Human Milk and the Premature Infant

Bhatia¹

2013

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…[5][6][7] However, the low phosphorus content of human milk may be inadequate for bone mineralization during and after hospitalization, 1 and previous studies have shown improved bone mineralization and growth in premature infants fed fortified mother's milk 3,8 and higher prevalence of osteopenia and rickets in the VLBW infants without mineral supplementation. 4,9 Estimates of calcium and phosphorus needs for infants <1800 g and gestational age of 26-32 weeks are 140-180 mg calcium and 70-90 mg phosphorus/kg body weight/day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of meeting the increased nutritional needs of preterm infants, compared with those of term infants, has been emphasized by many previous studies. [1][2][3][4] The aim of this study was to analyze the rate of growth in a large sample of preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) babies fed exclusively on breast milk with or without fortifiers, and to compare the morbidities, including duration of hospitalization, in the two groups.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Human Milk Fortification on Morbidity Factors in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Bhat

Gupta

2001

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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“…Acredita-se que o uso de fórmulas especiais melhore o crescimento e o CMO pelo aumento da oferta de Ca, P e proteínas, sem, no entanto, eliminar a deficiência relativa de P, o que é demonstrado pelo CMO menor do que o esperado para o mesmo período intra-uterino 47 .…”

Section: Fisiopatologiaunclassified

“…Estudos revelam que os RN suplementados com aditivos ou aqueles que receberam fórmulas especiais de prematuros apresentam CMO maior do que os alimentados com leite materno exclusivo, embora este ainda permaneça menor do que o intra-uterino 47,51 .…”

Section: Alterações De Densitometria óSseaunclassified

Critical analysis of pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of metabolic bone disease in very low birth weight infants

Catache¹,

Leone²

2001

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Objective: to perform a systematic review on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and approach of metabolic bone disease in very low birth weight infants.Sources: literature review of articles published in Medline within the last twenty years.Summary of the findings: the higher survival of very low birth weight infants was concurrent with the increased incidence of metabolic bone disease. The process of bone mineral acquisition suffers some alterations during the neonatal period, including low bone mineral content at birth, insufficient mineral supply in the neonatal period, and regulatory disorders, which may compromise growth and development on the long run. The diagnosis is based on the association of risk factors, and biochemical and radiological alterations. The early intervention in the neonatal period prevents the development of severe metabolic bone disease, reducing complications during the first year of life.Conclusions: the early diagnosis of metabolic bone disease allows for early intervention, thus preventing complications that may originate from the alterations in bone mineral acquisition . J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 (Supl.1): S53-S62:very-low-birthweight infants, metabolic bone disease, phosphorus deficiency, calicium deficiency. ResumoObjetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre a fisiopatologia, o diagnóstico e a abordagem da doença metabólica óssea em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso.Métodos: revisão bibliográfica utilizando o banco de dados Medline, abrangendo estudos dos últimos vinte anos.Resultados: o aumento da sobrevida dos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso foi acompanhado de uma elevação da incidência da doença metabólica óssea. Trata-se de uma alteração no processo de mineralização óssea no período neonatal, envolvendo baixos estoques minerais ao nascimento, deficiência da oferta mineral no período neonatal e alterações da regulação desse processo, que podem comprometer o crescimento a longo prazo desses recém-nascidos. O diagnóstico baseia-se na associação de fatores de risco, alterações bioquímicas e radiológicas. A intervenção precoce no período neonatal evita a instalação de sua forma mais grave, diminuindo o risco das suas complicações nessa fase, bem como no crescimento dentro do primeiro ano de vida.Conclusão: o diagnóstico precoce da doença metabólica óssea permite intervenção precoce, prevenindo as complicações decorrentes dessa alteração de mineralização. Análise crítica dos aspectos fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos da doença metabólica óssea em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso

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Improved bone mineralization and growth in premature infants fed fortified own mother's milk

Cited by 136 publications

References 36 publications

Human Milk and the Premature Infant

Human Milk and the Premature Infant

Effects of Human Milk Fortification on Morbidity Factors in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Critical analysis of pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of metabolic bone disease in very low birth weight infants

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