Improved Cryptanalysis of UOV and Rainbow

Beullens, Ward

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77870-5_13

Cited by 64 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…During the first, second, and third rounds of the NIST standardization process, a number of cryptanalytic results dramatically reduced the security assumed for some submitted schemes and undermined NIST's confidence in the maturity of others. These results were the basis for many of NIST's decisions thus far in the process, particularly for Rainbow and GeMSS [11][12][13]. Cryptanalysis has also brought some of the candidates' security category claims into question or shown them to be false.…”

Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

Moody¹

2022

144

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology is in the process of selecting public-key cryptographic algorithms through a public, competition-like process. The new public-key cryptography standards will specify additional digital signature, public-key encryption, and key-establishment algorithms to augment Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 186-4, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), as well as NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-56A Revision 3, Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key-Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography, and SP 800-56B Revision 2, Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Using Integer Factorization Cryptography. It is intended that these algorithms will be capable of protecting sensitive information well into the foreseeable future, including after the advent of quantum computers. The first round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process began in December 2017 with 69 candidate algorithms that met both the minimum acceptance criteria and submission requirements. The first round lasted until January 2019, during which candidate algorithms were evaluated based on their security, performance, and other characteristics. NIST selected 26 algorithms to advance to the second round for more analysis. The second round continued until July 2020, after which seven 'finalist' and eight 'alternate' candidate algorithms were selected to move into the third round. This report describes the evaluation and selection process, based on public feedback and internal review, of the third-round candidates. The report summarizes each of the 15 third-round candidate algorithms and identifies those selected for standardization, as well as those that will continue to be evaluated in a fourth round of analysis. The public-key encryption and key-establishment algorithm that will be standardized is CRYSTALS-Kyber. The digital signatures that will be standardized are CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon, and SPHINCS+. While there are multiple signature algorithms selected, NIST recommends CRYSTALS-Dilithium as the primary algorithm to be implemented. In addition, four of the alternate key-establishment candidate algorithms will advance to a fourth round of evaluation: BIKE, Classic McEliece, HQC, and SIKE. These candidates are still being considered for future standardization. NIST will also issue a new Call for Proposals for public-key digital signature algorithms to augment and diversify its signature portfolio.

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Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

Moody¹

2022

144

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“…Optimized size of 2 layers is used in the NIST Rainbow Scheme. Beullens [50] recently came up with a new intersection attack that reduces the security of the rainbow by a few bits.…”

Section: Oil and Vinegar Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

Post Quantum Cryptography: Techniques, Challenges, Standardization, and Directions for Future Research

Bavdekar¹,

Chopde²,

Bhatia³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The development of large quantum computers will have dire consequences for cryptography. Most of the symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to quantum algorithms. Grover's search algorithm gives a square root time boost for the searching of the key in symmetric schemes like AES and 3DES. The security of asymmetric algorithms like RSA, Diffie Hellman, and ECC is based on the mathematical hardness of prime factorization and discrete logarithm. The best classical algorithms available take exponential time. Shor's factoring algorithm can solve the problems in polynomial time. Major breakthroughs in quantum computing will render all the present-day widely used asymmetric cryptosystems insecure. This paper analyzes the vulnerability of the classical cryptosystems in the context of quantum computers, discusses various postquantum cryptosystem families, discusses the status of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process, and finally provides a couple of future research directions in this field.

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“…The Rainbow signature scheme was since proven to be insecure, where the Intersection Attack and the Rectangular MinRank attack proposed by Beullen are shown to break the signature scheme in several days [37].…”

Section: 𝐹 % (𝑋mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Performance Comparison of Post-Quantum Algorithms in Blockchain

Gan¹,

Yokubov²

2022

The JBBA

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Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies have triggered widespread research and interest. This is due to their ability to create redundant, transparent, and accountable connections in various application domains while utilising asymmetric cryptography, digital signature, and hash functions. However, the current blockchain system exhibits vulnerability to attacks, especially those staged and actualised using quantum computers leveraging Grover's and Shor's algorithms. There is a need to examine the various algorithms of digital signatures, post-quantum generations of public-key cryptography, and their performance to gain insights into the most suitable way to address the issue. In our review, we examine the performance of different post-quantum public-key generation and digital signature algorithms in blockchain and provide a performance comparison of computing time and memory usage. The research presented here includes application domains where post-quantum blockchain may be used.

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Improved Cryptanalysis of UOV and Rainbow

Cited by 64 publications

References 12 publications

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

Post Quantum Cryptography: Techniques, Challenges, Standardization, and Directions for Future Research

A Performance Comparison of Post-Quantum Algorithms in Blockchain

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