Improved Infrared Countermeasures with Ultrafine Aluminum

Shortridge, R. G.; Wilharm, Caroline K.

doi:10.2514/6.2004-2063

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…Addition of 5-10 wt% graphite to MTV increases the thermal conductivity of the pyrolant grain and increases the burn rate by $30% without affecting the spectral efficiency [76,77]. Nano-aluminium powder increases the burn rate due to its increased reactivity and thermal conductivity [78]. Micrometric carbon fibers increase the thermal conductivity of the pyrolant and yield an increase of the burn rate [79].…”

Section: Technical Applications J387mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

Koch

2010

Handbook of Combustion

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Energetic materials are characterized by their ability to undergo a spontaneous highly exothermic reaction. They can be classified into high explosives (HEs), propellants, and pyrolants. High explosives upon initiation yield a detonation -that is a supersonic shock wave sustained by a chemical reaction. Propellants and pyrolants on the contrary undergo a thermally propagated reaction and yield either large amount of gaseous species, or in the case of pyrolants yield mainly condensed products. Unlike most high explosives, which are homogeneous organic compounds containing nitro-and nitramine groups, pyrolants and most propellants are heterogeneous fuel/oxidizer mixtures [1,2].The term pyrolant describes hot burning compositions that are constituted from micrometric or nanometric metal powders and crystalline and/or polymeric oxidizers.Typical pyrolants are used as illuminant (Mg/NaNO 3 ), thermite (Al/Bi 2 O 3 ), and igniter (Zr/BaCrO 4 ) compositions [3], in addition coruscative combinations such as, for example, Zn/S or Mg/P [4, 5] find use as both amateur propellants (sic) and incendiaries [6].An important group of pyrolants consists of combinations of metal powders with halocarbon compounds. The large energy content of metal-halocarbon pyrolants stems from the high enthalpy of formation of the corresponding metal-halogen bond (MÀX). Thus, chlorocarbon and especially fluorocarbon compounds are used as oxidizers. Table 15.1 lists the gravimetric and volumetric enthalpy of combustion, adiabatic flame temperature, and ignition temperature for selected energetic materials taken from the groups of high explosives, propellants, and pyrolants.Mg/Teflon/Viton (MTV) (Teflon is the proprietary brand name of DuPont Company for polytetrafluoroethylene) [7] and Zn/ZnO/hexachloroethane (HC) [8] are typical metal-halocarbon pyrolants and are used as infrared decoy flare compositions (MTV) and obscurant smoke formulations (HC). In addition metal-halocarbon

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Section: Technical Applications J387mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

Koch

2010

Handbook of Combustion

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Infrared Emitters

Koch

2011

Metal‐Fluorocarbon Based Energetic Materials

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Pyrotechnic Countermeasures: II. Advanced Aerial Infrared Countermeasures

Koch

2006

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This paper discusses the technology of advanced aerial infrared countermeasures and related work disclosed in the unclassified literature. Missile‐seeker head counter‐countermeasures include spectral discrimination, kinematical discrimination, rise‐time discrimination, UV/VIS discrimination and area temperature matching. Advanced flare payloads designed to counter dual color seekers contain selectively emitting compositions based primarily on high carbon fuels and perchlorates. Other advanced payloads consist of low temperature emitters like pyrophoric metal foils and gasless pyrotechnic compositions like Fe/KClO4. The optimization of black body flares, still considered essential to a successful countermeasure solution, make use of new fuels based on e.g. meta‐stable alloys and nanometer‐sized powders as well as high energetic oxidizers. Kinematic flares today use combined propellant and infrared grains. 116 references from the public domain are given. For part I see Ref. [1].

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Improved Infrared Countermeasures with Ultrafine Aluminum

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

Infrared Emitters

Pyrotechnic Countermeasures: II. Advanced Aerial Infrared Countermeasures

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