Improved Thermoelectric Behavior of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Poly(styrenesulfonate) Using Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-coated GeO₂ Nanoparticles

Abstract

Here, we described a novel synthetic method of PVP (poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone))-coated GeO 2 nanoparticles by a simple procedure, and its fabrication into a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) film. Interestingly, PEDOT-PSS films containing a small amount of PVP-coated GeO 2 nanoparticles exhibited higher electrical conductivity than pure PEDOT-PSS. Finally, we have succeeded in the development of a new organicinorganic thermoelectric conversion film with high performance.The energy systems of many nations dependence on fossil fuels, and therefore, worldwide demand for renewable energy is expected to expand.1 CO 2 derived from fossil fuels is enormous and is a factor that promotes global warming. Recently, new energy without CO 2 emission has attracted considerable attention and the development of thermoelectric conversion materials that convert thermal energy into electric energy has been reported.2 In particular, a thermoelectric conversion element composed of an organic material with an electronic carrier (such as a conductive polymer 3,4 and a polymer complex 5,6 ) has advantages of lightweight, mechanical flexibility, low cost, and is a material with extremely high potential.7 Furthermore, it does not use rare metals as inorganic heat electric materials and is low cost. Generally, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is defined as the dimensionless figure of merit ZT value.where S, ·, ¬, and T are Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and temperature, respectively. Thermoelectric material with high ZT and power factor PF (=S 2 ·) are desirable, yet there remains a trade-off between · and S.Many researchers have worked on the development of organic thermoelectric materials using conductive polymers 8 since we reported stretched polyphenylenevinylene derivatives with ZT = 0.1. 9 According to the recent investigations, Pipe and co-workers have demonstrated that a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) film with a record value of ZT = 0.42 by optimization of the doping level.

One‐step Synthesis and Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Polymer–Quantum Dot Composite Films

“…Combining CPs with inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) has become an attractive route to achieve higher S and S 2 σ while maintaining good flexibility and workability of a polymer. For example, PEDOT‐based nanocomposites containing Te, Te‐based heterostructures, PbTe, Bi 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , WS 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , SnS, Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 , GeO 2 , Au, and various kinds of carbon materials were reported previously and exhibited S 2 σ ranging from 0.1–237 μW m −1 K −2 . However, producing high‐quality polymer dominant nanocomposites with less than 50 wt % inorganic loading is extremely challenging owing to two major problems.…”

“…Nowaone-step synthesis can be used to fabricate high-quality small-sized anions codoped poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):dodecylbenzenesulfonate/Cl-tellurium (PEDOT:DBSA/Cl-Te) composite films using aseries of novel Te IV -based oxidants.T he synchronized production of PEDOTa nd Te results in thick and homogeneous films containing evenly distributed and well-protected Te quantum dots.Owing to the heavily doped crystalline polymer matrix as well as the < 5nmunoxidized Te quantum dot loading, at low Te concentrations as 2.1-5.8 wt %, the films exhibits high power factors of about 100 mWm À1 K À2 ,w hichi s5 0% higher compared to apure PEDOT:DBSA film.Thermoelectric (TE) materials,w hich can make direct conversion between heat and electricity,a re used in waste heat harvesting and refrigerating.T he performance of TE materials are determined by ZT (S 2 sT/k)o rp ower factor (S 2 s), where S, s, T,a nd k are the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity,a bsolute temperature,a nd thermal conductivity,r espectively.C onducting polymers (CPs) especially poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have drawn great attention because of their relatively high s,l ow k,g ood flexibility,a nd cheapness.H owever,C Ps often possesses limited S 2 s mainly because to their low S value. Combining CPs with inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) has become an attractive route to achieve higher S and S 2 s while maintaining good flexibility and workability of apolymer.For example,P EDOT-based nanocomposites containing Te, [1][2][3][4][5] Te -based heterostructures, [6,7] PbTe, [8] Bi 2 Te 3 , [9][10][11][12] Sb 2 Te 3 , [13] Bi 2 S 3 , [14] WS 2 , [15] MoS 2 , [16] MoSe 2 , [17] SnS, [18] Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 , [19] GeO 2 , [20] Au, [21,22] and various kinds of carbon materials [23][24][25][26][27] were reported previously and exhibited S 2 s ranging from 0.1-237 mWm À1 K À2 .H owever,p roducing high-quality polymer dominant nanocomposites with less than 50 wt %i norganic Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.…”

One‐step Synthesis and Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Polymer–Quantum Dot Composite Films

“…Combining CPs with inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) has become an attractive route to achieve higher S and S 2 s while maintaining good flexibility and workability of apolymer.For example,P EDOT-based nanocomposites containing Te, [1][2][3][4][5] Te -based heterostructures, [6,7] PbTe, [8] Bi 2 Te 3 , [9][10][11][12] Sb 2 Te 3 , [13] Bi 2 S 3 , [14] WS 2 , [15] MoS 2 , [16] MoSe 2 , [17] SnS, [18] Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 , [19] GeO 2 , [20] Au, [21,22] and various kinds of carbon materials [23][24][25][26][27] were reported previously and exhibited S 2 s ranging from 0.1-237 mWm À1 K À2 .H owever,p roducing high-quality polymer dominant nanocomposites with less than 50 wt %i norganic Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi. Nowaone-step synthesis can be used to fabricate high-quality small-sized anions codoped poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):dodecylbenzenesulfonate/Cl-tellurium (PEDOT:DBSA/Cl-Te) composite films using aseries of novel Te IV -based oxidants.T he synchronized production of PEDOTa nd Te results in thick and homogeneous films containing evenly distributed and well-protected Te quantum dots.Owing to the heavily doped crystalline polymer matrix as well as the < 5nmunoxidized Te quantum dot loading, at low Te concentrations as 2.1-5.8 wt %, the films exhibits high power factors of about 100 mWm À1 K À2 ,w hichi s5 0% higher compared to apure PEDOT:DBSA film.…”

“…Combining CPs with inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) has become an attractive route to achieve higher S and S 2 s while maintaining good flexibility and workability of apolymer.For example,P EDOT-based nanocomposites containing Te, [1][2][3][4][5] Te -based heterostructures, [6,7] PbTe, [8] Bi 2 Te 3 , [9][10][11][12] Sb 2 Te 3 , [13] Bi 2 S 3 , [14] WS 2 , [15] MoS 2 , [16] MoSe 2 , [17] SnS, [18] Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 , [19] GeO 2 , [20] Au, [21,22] and various kinds of carbon materials [23][24][25][26][27] were reported previously and exhibited S 2 s ranging from 0.1-237 mWm À1 K À2 .H owever,p roducing high-quality polymer dominant nanocomposites with less than 50 wt %i norganic Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi. Combining CPs with inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) has become an attractive route to achieve higher S and S 2 s while maintaining good flexibility and workability of apolymer.For example,P EDOT-based nanocomposites containing Te, [1][2][3][4][5] Te -based heterostructures, [6,7] PbTe, [8] Bi 2 Te 3 , [9][10][11][12] Sb 2 Te 3 , [13] Bi 2 S 3 , [14] ...…”

Preparation of Ga‐ZnO Nanoparticles Using Microwave and Ultrasonic Irradiation, and the Application of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) Hybrid Thermoelectric Films

“…However, it was very difficult to prepare the thermoelectric film, thus a protocol and simple method of film preparation to improve the PF value of the PEDOT‐PSS are demanded. Recently, remarkable progress has been achieved in hybrid thermoelectric materials by introducing an inorganic compound or inorganic nanomaterial into a PEDOT‐PSS film . Hybridization of PEDOT and Bi 2 Te 3 or Te nanomaterials with high thermoelectric properties to achieve good performance is extremely effective, but the use of tellurium compounds is limited by the toxicity and rarity of tellurium.…”