Improvement in human health risk assessment utilizing site-and chemical-specific information: a case study

An Event-by-Event Probabilistic Methodology for Assessing the Health Risks of Persistent Chemicals in Fish: A Case Study at the Palos Verdes Shelf

“…Probabilistic techniques such as Monte Carlo analysis have been used to characterize the health risks of populations exposed to various chemicals since about 1990 (Cassin et al, 1998;Bogen et al, 1997;Chan et al, 1997;Carrington et al, 1996;Crouch, 1996aCrouch, , 1996bDel Pup et al, 1996;Lipfert et al, 1996;Adams et al, 1994;Finley et al, 1993Copeland et al, 1993Copeland et al, , 1994McKone, 1994;Lloyd et al, 1992;McKone & Bogen, 1992;Paustenbach et al, 1991Paustenbach et al, , 1992Thompson et al, 1992;Whitmyre et al, 1992aWhitmyre et al, , 1992bBurmaster & Von Stackelberg, 1991;Eschenroeder & Faeder, 1988;Fiering et al, 1984). By the late 1990s, many papers had been published that showed that probabilistic methods represent a significant improvement over deterministic approaches Richardson & Allan, 1996;Frey & Rhodes, 1996;Cohen et al, 1996;Cullen, 1994;Finley et al, 1993Thompson et al, 1992;McKone & Bogen, 1991;Paustenbach et al, 1991).…”