Improvement of output efficiency of p-face up photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers

Chen, Lih-Ren; Hong, Kuo‐Bin; Huang, Kuo‐Feng; Yen, H. H.; Lu, Tien−Chang

doi:10.1364/oe.421019

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The cross-sectional views of PCSEL and SEM image of photonic crystal are shown in Figure 6 a and Figure 6 b, respectively. In 2021, Lih-Ren Chen et al also used P-surface ITO deposition to improve the output efficiency of the laser, comparing the slope efficiency of different air hole shapes, and found that increasing the asymmetry of the air hole shape could improve the slope efficiency of the laser [ 54 ].…”

Section: Mode Control Of Vcsel For the Chip-scale Atomic Magnetometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers

et al. 2022

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Recent years have seen rapid development of chip-scale atomic devices due to their great potential in the field of biomedical imaging, namely chip-scale atomic magnetometers that enable high resolution magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). For atomic devices of this kind, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have become the most crucial components as integrated pumping sources, which are attracting growing interest. In this paper, the application of VCSELs in chip-scale atomic devices are reviewed, where VCSELs are integrated in various atomic bio-sensing devices with different operating environments. Secondly, the mode and polarization control of VCSELs in the specific applications are reviewed with their pros and cons discussed. In addition, various packaging of VCSEL based on different atomic devices in pursuit of miniaturization and precision measurement are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the VCSEL-based chip-scale atomic magnetometers utilized for cardiac and brain magnetometry are reviewed in detail. Nowadays, biosensors with chip integration, low power consumption, and high sensitivity are undergoing rapid industrialization, due to the growing market of medical instrumentation and portable health monitoring. It is promising that VCSEL-integrated chip-scale atomic biosensors as featured applications of this kind may experience extensive development in the near future.

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Section: Mode Control Of Vcsel For the Chip-scale Atomic Magnetometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers

et al. 2022

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“…A photonic crystal can be adopted as a lateral laser cavity via monolithic integration embedded in the epitaxial structures, further ameliorating the bulky form factor compared to the laser cavities in VCSEL structures. Laser light emission from such PCSELs exhibits excellent performance, such as a symmetric beam profile with narrow beam divergence and a narrower spectral width than that of VCSELs [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analyses of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Laser: Toward High-Speed Optical Communication

Peng¹,

Cheng

Hong³

et al. 2022

Nanoscale Res Lett

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This study conducts comprehensive performance analyses of a commercial photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) via small-signal measurement and the bit-error-rate test. Meanwhile, the radio frequency characteristics of the PCSEL are unveiled for the first time. Compared to the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, the PCSEL shows great potential for a broader optical bandwidth that is benefited from the high optical-confinement factor. A maximum bandwidth of around 2.32 GHz is experimentally observed when the PCSEL was biased at 340 mA. Moreover, a theoretical calculation was applied to shed light on the characteristics of the small-signal measurement, providing a deep insight into the corresponding intrinsic response model. The signal transmission capability of the PCSEL was investigated as well. The maximum bit rate and corresponding rise time transmitted at 500 Mbps are 1.2 Gbps and 186.16 ps, respectively. Thus, a high-speed PCSEL can be realised with a shrunk form factor, serving as a promising candidate for the next-generation light sources in high-speed optical communication.

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“…GaN-based both optically and electrically pumped PCSELs were demonstrated initially in 2008 [8,9]. PCSELs are candidates to operate as a high-power source with a single mode and narrow divergence angle lasing over a broad area [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Compared with vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), it does not need the highly reflective Bragg mirror, which is very difficult to implement in a GaN-based material system [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers

et al. 2022

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A GaN-based blue photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL) featured with membrane configuration was proposed and theoretically investigated. The membrane dimension, photonic crystal (PhC) material, lattice constant and thickness were studied by RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations with the confinement factor and gain threshold as indicators. The membrane PCSEL’s confinement factor of active media is of 13~14% which is attributed to multi-pairs of quantum wells and efficient confinement of the mode in the membrane cavity with air claddings. The excellent confinement factor and larger Q factor of resonance mutually contribute to the lower gain threshold of the design (below 400 cm−1 for GaN-PhC with 100 nm thick top and bottom GaN layer, 40 nm hole radius and 40 nm depth). The PhC confinement factor exceeds 13% and 6% for TiO2-PhC with 80 nm and 60 nm PhC thickness and 20 nm and 40 nm distance between PhC and active media, respectively. It is around two times larger than that of GaN-PhC, which is attributed to the higher refractive index of TiO2 that pulls field distribution to the PhC layer.

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Improvement of output efficiency of p-face up photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers

Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers

Performance Analyses of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Laser: Toward High-Speed Optical Communication

Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers

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