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A field experiment were carried out saline soil at the region of Demro Village, Sidi salem City, Kafr El Shiekh Governorate, Egypt, during two successive growing winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaching technique. i.e. uncontinuous process "ULP" and continuous process "CLP" under individual and combined gypsum application rates as a percent of soil gypsum requirements "GR".i.e. 0, 50 and 100 % ( G1,G2 and G3, respectively) and tillage depth .i.e. without "T1", 20 cm "T2" and 50 cm "T3". These treatments were arranged with in the experimental plots in split-split plot at randomized complete block design in three replicates. The effect of the studied treatments on soil salinity, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity as well as productivity on wheat (Triticum aestivum, Masr3) plants were studied.Increasing rate of added gypsum as well as increasing in tillage depth resulted in a significant decrease of both soil salinity and its bulk density while resulted in a significant increase of soil hydraulic conductivity. The high changes of the studied soil properties were observed with ULP technique. In addition straw and grains yields of wheat plants were increased significantly as a resulted of gypsum applications and increase of tillage depth, where the highest yields were found with the combined treatments of GR3 and T3 with ULP technique. The data of this study show the high efficiency of combined amelioration processes in improve properties of saline soil and its productivity of crops compared with the single process.
A field experiment were carried out saline soil at the region of Demro Village, Sidi salem City, Kafr El Shiekh Governorate, Egypt, during two successive growing winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaching technique. i.e. uncontinuous process "ULP" and continuous process "CLP" under individual and combined gypsum application rates as a percent of soil gypsum requirements "GR".i.e. 0, 50 and 100 % ( G1,G2 and G3, respectively) and tillage depth .i.e. without "T1", 20 cm "T2" and 50 cm "T3". These treatments were arranged with in the experimental plots in split-split plot at randomized complete block design in three replicates. The effect of the studied treatments on soil salinity, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity as well as productivity on wheat (Triticum aestivum, Masr3) plants were studied.Increasing rate of added gypsum as well as increasing in tillage depth resulted in a significant decrease of both soil salinity and its bulk density while resulted in a significant increase of soil hydraulic conductivity. The high changes of the studied soil properties were observed with ULP technique. In addition straw and grains yields of wheat plants were increased significantly as a resulted of gypsum applications and increase of tillage depth, where the highest yields were found with the combined treatments of GR3 and T3 with ULP technique. The data of this study show the high efficiency of combined amelioration processes in improve properties of saline soil and its productivity of crops compared with the single process.
Selection of suitable tillage implement, as well as amendments, is very important for the reclamation of salt affected soils. For this purpose, a field study was performed using the different rates of gypsum and tillage implements for the production of sorghum and berseem fodders in salt affected field using high RSC water. Treatments including were T1: control (cultivator twice), T2: modified chisel plough (twice), T3: chisel plough (twice), T4: modified chisel plough (twice) + gypsum application @ 100% GR of soil, T5: modified chisel plough (twice) + gypsum application @ 50% GR of soil, T6: chisel plough (twice) + gypsum application @ 100% GR of soil, T7: chisel plough (twice) + gypsum application @ 50% GR of soil. A moderately salt affected field {ECe = 5.37 (d Sm−1), pHs = 9.18, SAR = 34.01 (m mol L−1)1/2 and GR 3.10 t acre−1} was selected. Field was leveled, prepared and gypsum was applied according to treatment plan, followed by leaching. Tubewell water {ECiw= 1.34 dS m−1, RSC= 8.50 me L−1 and SAR= 12.72 (mmol L−1)1/2} was used for irrigation. Gypsum was also applied before sowing of each crop on RSC basis of water. The trial was performed in the RCBD design with three replications. Pooled data of three years showed that maximum fodder yield of sorghum (38.44 t ha−1) and berseem (60.21 t ha−1) was recorded with modified chisel plough (twice) + gypsum @ 100% GR of soil. Data regarding the soil qualities revealed that soil pHs, ECe, SAR and BD decreased by 4.24, 30.72 and 31.37, respectively, while HC was increased by 130 % with use of modified chisel plough (twice) + gypsum @ 100% GR of soil, as compared to control.
This research aimed to assess the impact of deep ploughing, with manuring and manuring alone, as well as the effects of different calcium ameliorants on physicochemical properties, fertility, and crop productivity of calcic chernozems in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine over a period of 7 years. Deep ploughing with manure had long-term positive effects on the mentioned characteristics of chernozems that were irrigated with brackish water over a long period. The bulk density decreased from 1.2 to 0.98 g/cm3, while the carbonate content increased to 8.7%. The humus layer increased from 50 to 75 cm. The exchangeable sodium and potassium percentage decreased from 7 to 3.9-4.8% and crop yield increased by 21-38%. These positive effects of deep ploughing and manuring persisted throughout the entire 7-year period. The effect of calcium ameliorants lasted shorter (only 3-4 seasons) and was as follows: i) the degree of soil sodicity decreased from medium to weak; ii) the content of exchangeable sodium and potassium decreased from 7 to 4.1-5.5%; iii) the content of carbonates in the root zone increased from 2.7 to 3.3%; iv) the crop yield increased by 10-30%. All measures proved to be effective in mitigating the sodicity and salinity of affected chernozems.
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