Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) by Auxin and Kenitin Application

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the effect of soil salinity using different levels of NaCl (0, 10, 15 g/ NaCl) on some morphological and physiological properties of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) var KEBIR in the vegetative stage. The results obtained allowed us to observe the negative impact of saline stress on the leaf area, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids at moderate and higher salinity levels. The effect of salt on chlorophyll a content remains insignificant. On the other hand, proline content was highly affected by salt stress. It was excessively increased with the rise of osmotic stress levels, especially at higher salinity levels (15g/l NaCl). Phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, are known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to salinity stress. Also, it counteracts the adverse effect of stress conditions. Exogenous spraying of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (K) with three various levels (10, 20, 30 p.p.m.), during the vegetative phase, indicated that an increase in the leaf area and pigments content are associated with a decrease in the proline content.

Alleviation of salinity stress effects on agro-physiological traits of wheat by auxin, glycine betaine, and soil additives

“…Protein hydrolysates and amino acids (in Molasses and Humic acid) improve plant salt tolerance and nitrogen uptake, resulting in higher yields ( Calvo et al, 2014 , Colla et al, 2014 , Kenawy and Mona, 2017 ). GB reduces the accumulation of Na and increases the accumulation of K and Ca 2 in wheat plants which improves leaf water potential, increases the activities of enzymatic antioxidant CAT Raza et al (2014) as well as enhancing growth and yield; the obtained results are in agreement with those obtained by ( Abd El-Samad, 2013 , and Zoubida and Gherroucha, 2017 ).…”

“…Exogenous phytohormone treatment is an essential method for increasing plant tolerance ( Javid et al, 2011 , Iqbal et al, 2012 ), The use of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) resulted in an increase in chlorophyll content, plant height, and flag leaf area Abed Jeber and Khaeim (2019) , and spike length, number of grains spike-1 and 1000 kernel weight Jahan et al (2019) . Exogenous spraying with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased leaf area and pigment content while decreasing proline content ( Akbari et al, 2007 , Zoubida and Gherroucha, 2017 ). Spraying wheat plants with IAA grew water content but had no influence on proline content, according to Abd El-Samad (2013) .…”

Foliar Application of Auxin or Cytokinin Can Confer Salinity Stress Tolerance in Vicia faba L.

“…We kept the IAA or BA application method simple so that it could be readily useable for farmers. Several previous studies have shown that exogenous IAA or BA mediates plant physiological responses [26][27][28][34][35][36], indicating that exogenous IAA or BA may penetrate the plant system. Thus, there were six treatment conditions as follows: (i) control (C), 0 mM NaCl water spray; (ii) 150 mM NaCl + water spray (S); (iii) 0 mM NaCl + 1.15 mM IAA (IAA); (iv) 150 mM NaCl + 1.15 mM IAA (S + IAA); (v) 0 mM NaCl + 0.9 mM BA (BA); and (vi) 150 mM NaCl + 0.9 mM BA (S + BA).…”

“…One of the most common auxins produced by plants is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is the first identified plant hormone [24,25]. Reports show that IAA also governs plant growth response in different crop plants under salt stress including in Triticum Durum [26], Lycopersicon esculentum L. [27], and Zea mays L. [28]. Seed priming with IAA effectively diminished the adverse effects of salt stress on seed germination and plant growth of Triticum aestivum [29] and Zea mays [28].…”

Positive Salt Tolerance Modulation via Vermicompost Regulation of SOS1 Gene Expression and Antioxidant Homeostasis in Viciafaba Plant

“…It was also reported the importance of VC fertilizer (as nitrogen stabilizer) to Cicer arietinum L. where an increase in protein content is directly related to an increase in nitrogen uptake by plants [41]. Zoubida and Gherroucha [42] postulated that IAA regulates plant growth response and the cell signaling cascade of different crop plants, as well as diminishing salt stress noxious effects. During vermicomposting, earthworms degrade the soil, thereby increasing the surface area for microbial degradation, improve the availability of O 2 , increase soil porosity and infiltration of water, accelerate the rate of mineralization, and increase growth [43].…”