Improving 4G/5G air interface security: A survey of existing attacks on different LTE layers

Yu, Chuan; Chen, Shuhui; Wang, Fei; Wei, Ziling

doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108532

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A past study 96 discussed that information acquisition in the context of 5G technology refers to learning about and comprehending its characteristics, advantages, and potential drawbacks. Users can gain trustworthy information with the support of clear guidelines, regulations, and communication from regulatory organizations, which may favourably impact their decision to use 5G 53 . Users should consider environmental issues, including the effect on humans, electromagnetic radiation, or energy usage, when deploying and using 5G networks.…”

Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some individuals may worry about the increased electromagnetic radiation associated with 5G networks and its impact on human health. People perceive 5G technology as a potential threat to their well-being; they may be less inclined to use it 53 . That is why trustworthiness is an important element built when users believe the company adopts sufficient safety measures before launching a new technology.…”

Section: Literature Review With Hypothesis Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on actual use of 5G technologies among Chinese students

Shahzad,

Xu,

Khan

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Abstract5G technology continues to evolve, and its potential to revolutionize various aspects of society is becoming increasingly evident. However, the successful adoption and utilization of 5G technology depends on various factors, particularly among consumers expected to be early adopters and critical drivers of technological advancements. This study investigates the effect of social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on Chinese university students' actual use of 5G (AU5G) technologies. It also analyzed the mediating role of trustworthiness and intention to use 5G (ITU5G) between them and the moderating role of facilitation conditions between trustworthiness and ITU5G. Data was collected from university students (n = 364) in Beijing and was examined employing the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. The outcomes confirm that trustworthiness and ITU5G significantly mediate the relationship between social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on AU5G technologies among Chinese students. Further, the supportive facilitation conditions strengthen the relationship between trustworthiness and ITU5G. These findings are backed by UTAUT2 models that support the technology acceptance and adoption among the users. The study outcomes can help policymakers design strategies to address potential barriers and encourage greater uptake of 5G services among university students.

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Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Review With Hypothesis Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on actual use of 5G technologies among Chinese students

Shahzad,

Xu,

Khan

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Nevertheless, a different pattern was proposed for carrier spacing and the symbol length. 5G-NR implements an extended set of subcarrier spacing defined by the value of µs parameter [47], from the set of [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], which corresponds to the subcarrier spacing of [15,30,60,120,240] kHz respectively. At this point it must be noted that the higher the subcarrier spacing, the shorter the length of the OFDM symbol, which implies a shorter duration of the slot, which, in this case, is in a range from 62,5 µs (240 kHz subcarrier spacing) to 1 ms (15 kHz subcarrier spacing).…”

Section: Time-frequency Structure Of the 5g And Nb-iot Signals A 5g-n...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Trial for Low-Energy Effective Jamming on Private Networks With 5G-NR and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces

Skokowski,

Malon,

Kryk

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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under project no. UGB/22-863/2023/WAT on "Modern technologies of wireless communication and emitter localization in various system applications."ABSTRACT Fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks are successively replaced by fifth-generation (5G) ones, based on the new releases of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. 5G generation is dedicated to civilian users and the conducted analytical work shows that it has numerous technological gaps that prevent its direct implementation in military communications systems. However, the recent armed world conflicts showed that closed or public mobile networks are willingly used by soldiers for both private and business communications, and to conduct defensive and offensive operations as well. From the military operation viewpoint, jamming both civil and military systems is one of the essential elements of electronic warfare. This paper focuses on the practical trial of low-energy and smart jamming on a 5G private network using narrowband signals, which facilitates the reduction of the available throughput, e.g. in the time division duplex -uplink (TDD-UL) by 99%, or by 82% in the frequency division duplex -downlink (FDD-DL). This type of jamming also allows for reaching up to 25 dB of energy gain comparing to barrage jamming. The authors moreover investigated jamming the Narrowband IoT radio interface using synchronized, selective jamming. The goal was to propose energy efficient methods that will allow the jammers to work longer and be mounted on a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that can operate near the gNB. The generation of low-power jamming signals in the gNB vicinity successfully hinders detecting the jammer by the enemy's electronic reconnaissance systems. The proposed solutions are compared with the test results for other types of jamming methods.INDEX TERMS Electronic warfare, low-energy jamming, narrowband jamming, NB-IoT, 5G private network, smart jamming.

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“…In this model, the network is controlled by the adversary; passive adversaries can eavesdrop on the communication, whereas active adversaries can also intercept, inject, manipulate or drop messages. Under this model, there are so many attack variants that their taxonomy is challenging and too vast to be described here [18], but we summarize the most important for the understanding of this paper. Firstly, replay attacks are one of the simplest attacks carried out by an active adversary, and they consist of two phases.…”

Section: Installationmentioning

confidence: 99%

5G Early Data Transmission (Rel-16): Security Review and Open Issues

et al. 2022

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The fifth-generation technology is called to support the next generation of wireless services and realize the "Internet of Everything" through Machine-Type Communications and Cellular Internet of Things optimizations. As part of these optimizations, Release 15 introduced a new mechanism, known as Early Data Transmission (EDT), that allows the transmission of data during the Random Access procedure. This feature, intended particularly for infrequent and small data transmissions, aims to reduce the latency and the power consumption of user equipments. Nonetheless, despite the importance of this novelty and the general agreement about its effectiveness, there are few papers in the literature that provide insight into its implementation and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of its two different implementation options (Control and User Plane). Moreover, although security is recognized as a crucial aspect for the correct deployment of this technology, we have not found any paper that reviews the security issues and features of this mechanism. As a consequence of such a lack of papers and the complexity of mobile network protocols, there is a divide between security experts and EDT researchers, that prevents the easy development of security schemes. To overcome this important gap, this paper offers a tutorial of EDT and its security, analyzing its main vulnerabilities and concluding with a set of recommendations for researchers and manufacturers. In particular, due to the simplifications in the protocols done by EDT, vulnerabilities such as packet injection, replay attacks and injection of fake values to disable EDT have been found.

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Improving 4G/5G air interface security: A survey of existing attacks on different LTE layers

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on actual use of 5G technologies among Chinese students

Effect of social influence, environmental awareness, and safety affordance on actual use of 5G technologies among Chinese students

Practical Trial for Low-Energy Effective Jamming on Private Networks With 5G-NR and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces

5G Early Data Transmission (Rel-16): Security Review and Open Issues

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