Improving durability of wood-mixed waste plastic composites with compatibilizers

Martikka, Ossi; Kärki, Timo; Puurtinen, Ari

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/490/2/022001

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…WPC products have shown that very good marriage between polymer and filler is required for enhanced durability, which may be obtained with the addition of compatibilizers. For instance, Martikka, et al [83] studied the effect of compatibilizers on UV resistance of high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and PP WPCs. Accelerated weathering tests were performed with a xenon-arc lamp with total exposure of 500 h (a cycle of 102 min of light exposure, followed by 18 min of light exposure and water spray).…”

Section: Combined Aging Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of Polymeric Building Envelope Materials: Degradation, Durability and Service Life Prediction

2021

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This paper provides a critical review of the degradation, durability and service life prediction (SLP) of polymeric building envelope materials (BEMs), namely, claddings, air/vapour barriers, insulations, sealants, gaskets and fenestration. The rate of material deterioration and properties determine the usefulness of a product; therefore, knowledge of the significant degradation mechanisms in play for BEMs is key to the design of proper SLP methods. SLP seeks to estimate the life expectancy of a material/component exposed to in-service conditions. This topic is especially important with respect to the potential impacts of climate change. The surrounding environment of a building dictates the degradation mechanisms in play, and as climate change progresses, material aging conditions become more unpredictable. This can result in unexpected changes and/or damages to BEMs, and shorter than expected SL. The development of more comprehensive SLP methods is economically and environmentally sound, and it will provide more confidence, comfort and safety to all building users. The goal of this paper is to review the existing literature in order to identify the knowledge gaps and provide suggestions to address these gaps in light of the rapidly evolving climate.

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Section: Combined Aging Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of Polymeric Building Envelope Materials: Degradation, Durability and Service Life Prediction

2021

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“…However, the increasing wood flour content increases the relationship with humidity, which results in more water being absorbed. 25,27,28 Therefore, wood fibres swell, and cracks occur on the surface, which is more destructive in the later stages of weathering.…”

Section: Colour Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the whitening of the surface increased. 25,27,28 The polymer was removed from the fibre's surface with UV light and humidity, which also caused the porous structure to mean increased surface roughness. 44 The decrease in the polymer content resulted in rapid exposure of the wood fibre to UV light.…”

Section: Microscopic Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, humidity swells the fibre and attracts substantially more UV light onto the structure, which increases bleaching. 25,27,28 The intensity of the bleaching depends on the exposure time, production methods and the photo stabilisation system. 28 Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the prevailing tools used to determine the changes in the chemical structure of the composite's surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated weathering performance of wood‐plastic composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibre‐woven fabrics

Durmaz

Erdil

Özgenç

2021

Coloration Technology

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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are new generation materials widely used in outdoor conditions; however, the appearance and mechanical properties of WPCs change with exposure to weather. In this study, high-density polyethylene-based flat-pressed WPCs are reinforced with carbon and glass fibre-woven fabrics for uses where high mechanical properties are needed in outdoor conditions. For this purpose, WPCs are exposed to accelerated weathering conditions to determine the effect of weathering with and without reinforcement. The results show that, after weathering, colour changes are inevitable for WPCs. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared analysis reveals the changes in the matrix's chemical structure, illustrating the alterations in WPC surface characteristics. The mechanical properties of WPCs decrease as a result of photodegradation. However, the reinforced WPCs have higher mechanical properties than the control samples, despite extensive degradation.Carbon fibre (200 g/m 2 ) achieved the greatest flexural strength and modulus of elasticity, 150% and 122% higher, respectively, than unreinforced WPCs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that, despite the intensive photodegradation on the surface, the integration of the matrix and woven fabrics was still strong. The surface erosion was observed with light microscopy. The visual appearance also exhibited some changes that occurred on the surface of WPCs.

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“…However, the chromophoric groups in the chemical structure of wood and plastic absorb UV light, causing chain scissions in the structure of plastic as well as colour changes 6,7 . Following that, micro‐cracks occur on the surface 3,8,9 . Then the wood fibres swell with the effect of humidity, which causes the cracks to enlargen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the weathering performance of wood‐plastic composites

Durmaz

Keles

Aras

et al. 2022

Coloration Technology

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In recent years, wood-plastic composites (WPCs) have become among the most popular engineering materials. Most of their usage areas are outdoors, where they encounter various damaging factors. The weathering conditions cause significant deterioration to WPC surfaces, which negatively influences their service life. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%) were added to a high-density polyethylene-based WPC matrix. The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the weathering performance of WPC was evaluated after 840 hours of an artificial weathering test. The highest colour changes (ΔE*) were monitored with control samples exposed for 840 hours. Adding zinc oxide nanoparticles improved the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and decreased the colour changes. The wood flour content also affected the colour changes on the WPC surface. A combination of 10% zinc oxide nanoparticles and 50% wood flour content provided the lowest colour changes. The barrier effect of nanoparticles protected the WPC surfaces from UV light. Zinc oxide nanoparticles also positively affected the load transfer, which restricted the reduction in mechanical properties after the weathering test. The degradation on the surface of WPCs was also investigated using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier Transform-infrared analysis. The changes in the characteristic bands of polymer and wood indicated that surface degradation was inevitable. Light and scanning electron microscopy images also demonstrated micro-cracks and roughness on the surface of WPCs. It is concluded that UV degradation is unavoidable, but zinc oxide nanoparticles can improve surface resistance against weathering conditions.

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Improving durability of wood-mixed waste plastic composites with compatibilizers

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Critical Review of Polymeric Building Envelope Materials: Degradation, Durability and Service Life Prediction

Critical Review of Polymeric Building Envelope Materials: Degradation, Durability and Service Life Prediction

Accelerated weathering performance of wood‐plastic composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibre‐woven fabrics

The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the weathering performance of wood‐plastic composites

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