Improving the criteria for determining dates of repair of highways

Abstract

The article is devoted to the improvement of criteria for determining highways iterrepair periods. The authors reveal the importance of technical and operating characteristics, vehicle operating status and techno-economic parameters of roads. Analyzes the existing assessing the quality criteria of state highways that affect their compliance with consumer properties.The possible main criteria that determine the necessary composition and periodicity of carrying out of major repairs of roads of different categories and in different climatic zones.

Raw Material Base of Hard-to-Extract Oil Reserves of Russia

“…As of 01.01.2019, a significant share of oil reserves is characterized by properties that allow considering them as hard-to-extract. Thus, heavy (more than 0.871 g/cm 3 ) and super-heavy (more than 0.895 g/cm 3 ) oil fields in the Russian Federation amount to be about 34% (6.3 billion tons) of the current drilled industrial extractable reserves, which is significantly different from the estimates of international experts, who estimate 13.4 billion barrels (less than 2 billion m 3 ), probably due to accounting only super-heavy oil, which at the same time is high-viscosity and super-highviscosity. The largest part of the reserves of heavy and super-heavy oil in absolute terms is concentrated in the deposits of the Urals Federal district (2.9 billion tons, or 45.9 % of all heavy oil reserves in Russia), including the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous region there are 1.7 billion tons (including 0.252 billion tons of super-heavy), the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous region -0.995 billion tons (0.958 billion tons of super-heavy); the Volga Federal district -2.1 billion tons (33.2%); the North-West Federal district -0.7 billion tons (11.1%) (figure 1).…”

“…Это обусловлено отсутствием единого подхода к их определению, многообразием параметров, используемых для оценки этой доли и, что более существенно, принципиально разными условиями освоения групп запасов, относимых к трудноизвлекаемым. Существенная доля разведанных запасов нефти месторождений РФ -около 34 % (6,3 млрд т) относится к тяжелым (плотность более 0,871 г/см 3 ) и сверхтяжелым (плотность более 0,895 г/см 3 ). В целом доля высоковязких и сверхвысоковязких нефтей составляет около 13% (2,4 млрд.т.)…”

“…A push for development of such projects should have been the allocation of several specialized projects (including big companies -Gazpromneft (the project of The Bazhen technology center), Surgutneftegaz, Tatneft, Rosneft and LUKOIL) that allow testing approaches to technologies for the development of "dense" collectors and so-called "shale" formations, first of all, bazhenovskaya and domanic formations. These measures have played a role in the intensification of study, but in general, especially for the last group of commercially successful projects until now, including due to the uncertainty of the regulatory framework and the development of new methods for assessing reserves (Gutman et al, 2017;Kamenchukov et al, 2019). Accordingly, in light of that, estimate of the share of hard-to-extract oil deposits in Russia varies in line to different sources, in a fairly wide range (from 30% to 70%) (Prischepa et al, 2011;Yakutseni et al, 2007;Lisovsky et al, 2009;Shpurov et al, 2014;Shelepov, 2013;Muslimov, 2011), due to the lack of a unified approach to their definition, many of the parameters used for the evaluation of this share and, more significantly, the fundamentally different conditions of development of groups of reserves classified as hard-to-extract.…”