Improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries using three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide under the high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

Long, Qunying; Ma, Guozheng; Xu, Qiqin; Ma, Cheng; Nan, Junmin; Li, Aiju; Chen, Hongyu

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.056

Cited by 80 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The pattern of accumulation of sulfate in the positive electrode, whose double-layer capacitance is large, does show that an increase in the double-layer capacitance of the negative electrode will improve its performance, and enhance battery's life. This is in accordance with the effects of added carbon referred [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] to earlier. Effect on overall mass balance.-The time period of charging was calculated to make the net charge drawn in a cycle zero.…”

Section: Journal Of Thesupporting

confidence: 90%

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Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lead-acid batteries fail faster in partial state-of-charge start-stop technology than in SLI application. Accumulation of lead sulfate on negative electrode's surface has been identified as the cause. It is also known that life can be enhanced by increasing capacitance of negative electrode. A bench-marking test cycle is used to explain these observations through a one-dimensional model. It is shown that, at the large discharge current densities used, faradaic reactions in the electrodes are spatially inhomogeneous, and charging is unable to reverse its effects. Consequently, lead sulfate deposit is larger on electrode's surface than at its center. Model uses a rate expression for charging modified to include diffusion of Pb 2+ , and predicts that sulfate continues to accumulate with cycling. A portion of electrode becomes inactive when volume fraction of sulfate reaches a critical value there. Battery fails when inactive area becomes large. It is shown that double-layer capacitance suppresses the non-uniformity in the faradaic reaction and alters the pattern of accumulation of sulfate. Negative electrode does not benefit from this since its capacitance is low. Sulfate accumulates in positive electrode also, but does not reach critical levels since positive electrode's capacitance is large. A large fraction of the demand for lead-acid batteries from automotive industries is for SLI application. But the demand is expected to decline as the auto industry moves toward Li batteries. However, as specifications become more stringent both on fuel economy and on emissions of green house gases, lead-acid battery has found a new application in stop-start technology of electric vehicles. Here, battery should be capable of rapid enough discharge to permit starting of the vehicle along with maintenance of other on-board electrical loads. Further, to facilitate charging by regenerative braking, the battery has to be in partial state of charge, which can be as low as 50%. This has come to be known as high rate partial-state-of-charge or for short, HRPSoC, duty. In the start-stop operation, the frequency of charging-discharging cycles is large. Equally importantly, while the discharge rate during cranking is about the same as in conventional SLI application, charging rate can be as large as thirty times more. The challenges faced in meeting this application have been well summarized by Moseley and Rand 1 and Moseley et al. 2 The main problem faced is the faster degradation of battery than encountered in the conventional SLI application. The diminished life has been attributed to accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative electrode. Conclusive evidence for this has been reported by Lam et al.3 based on tear-down analysis of failed batteries. Interestingly, it has been found that increasing the capacitance of the negative electrode enhances its life, and development of ultrabattery 4 is a well known demonstration of this. While a complete description of this device is not available in the open literature, it is s...

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Section: Journal Of Thesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, direct connection of this hypothesis to accumulation of lead sulfate in HRPSoC duty is yet to be established. (5) Banerjee et al 9 and Long et al 10 attribute the life enhancing effect of addition of carbon mainly to the consequent increase in the electrical conductivity, but also to decrease in the size of lead sulfate particles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Carbon materials can accumulate in big pores of NAM [19] or modify the porosity of the whole mass [10] which limits the growth of big crystals. On the other hand, too small pore sizes (below micrometer) impede the transport of the SO 4 2− ions in NAM, which causes PbO formation during the discharge, hindering the battery operation [10]. This physical growth restriction is confirmed by an improved charge acceptance after adding a poorly conducting titanium dioxide to the active mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HRPSoC cycles were conducted at 50% SoC with 1C current. Reprinted from [4] with permission from Elsevier double layer capacity) dominates. On the other hand, for 30-50-s second cycles, a Faradic process of lead electrochemical reactions was the main contribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are also other processes previously used to explain the carbon additives' influence [7]. For graphite, it could be caused by intercalation with different chemical species, e.g., hydrogen or HSO 4 − , which can improve the conductivity. Carbon can also contain impurities, changing the hydrogen overvoltage, which can improve or worsen the charging efficiency and additionally explain the differences between various forms of this element.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of carbon in lead-acid batteries: a review

Lach

Wróbel

et al. 2019

J Solid State Electrochem

101

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A review presents applications of different forms of elemental carbon in lead-acid batteries. Carbon materials are widely used as an additive to the negative active mass, as they improve the cycle life and charge acceptance of batteries, especially in high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) conditions, which are relevant to hybrid and electric vehicles. Carbon nanostructures and composite materials can also play such a role. The positive active mass additions are generally less beneficial than the negative ones. Carbon can also be applied as a material for reticulated current collectors for both negative and positive plates. This modern technology allows to increase the battery specific energy and active mass utilization. Batteries with such collectors can show improved cycle life, owing to a better active mass mechanical support. Other recent use of carbon in secondary batteries is as supercapacitor electrodes. They can replace the negative plate or be connected in parallel with such a lead plate. These solutions increase the specific power and HRPSoC performance. Presented new carbon-based technologies in a construction of lead-acid batteries can significantly improve their performance and allow a further successful competition with other battery systems.

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Nanostructured Anode Materials for Batteries (Lithium Ion, Ni‐MH, Lead‐Acid, and Thermal Batteries)

Martha

Elias

2019

Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

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Improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries using three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide under the high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

Cited by 80 publications

References 38 publications

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Applications of carbon in lead-acid batteries: a review

Nanostructured Anode Materials for Batteries (Lithium Ion, Ni‐MH, Lead‐Acid, and Thermal Batteries)

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