Improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy

Overview of cancer vaccines

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] In brief, therapeutic cancer vaccines can be off-shelf available (recombinant antigen cocktails, recombinant microorganisms, whole tumor cell derived (allogeneic), oncolytic viruses, anti-idiotypic antibodies, DNA and genetherapy based products) which could be manufactured and distributed worldwide and personalised cancer vaccines (autologous cells and antigens, adoptive cell transfer) which are heavily dependent on specialized centers of expertise and manufacturing. Despite extensive prior efforts and trials,…”

Nanobody, New Agent for Combating Against Breast Cancer Cells

“…Nanobodies can be used readily for the production of such formats because they allow more flexible linker designs. This is important for simultaneous binding to multivalent antigens (Copier et al, 2009;Roovers et al, 2007). The nanobody amino acid sequence closely resembles the family III of human variable heavy chain, with significant difference in FR2 and the CDRs (Harmsen et al, 2000;Vu et al, 1997).…”

Modeling Tumor Response after Combined Administration of Different Immune-Stimulatory Agents

“…However, and despite promising initial results, poor clinical outcomes have been obtained mainly due to the low effector response triggered by vaccines in vivo, but also due to the appearance of tolerance mechanisms mediated by immunoregulatory cell populations such as regulatory T cells (Treg) that dampen the immune response (Alpizar et al, 2011;Finn, 2012). A clear benefit has been observed both in preclinical and clinical settings when combination treatments targeting different aspects of the immune system at once are used (Copier et al, 2009;Beatty et al, 2011). Different alternatives to increase the immunologic efficacy of immunotherapy have been discussed (Finn, 2003;Rosenberg et al, 2004;Copier et al, 2009).…”

“…A clear benefit has been observed both in preclinical and clinical settings when combination treatments targeting different aspects of the immune system at once are used (Copier et al, 2009;Beatty et al, 2011). Different alternatives to increase the immunologic efficacy of immunotherapy have been discussed (Finn, 2003;Rosenberg et al, 2004;Copier et al, 2009). Among them, inhibition of the immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by the tumor through depletion of the Treg cell population has shown promising results using drugs such as anti-CD25 antibodies or low doses of cyclophosphamide (CTX) (Onizuka et al, 1999 ;Ghiringhelli et al, 2007;Alfaro et al, 2011).…”