Improving the phytoextraction capacity of plants to scavenge metal(loid)-contaminated sites

Abstract

Plants are able to extract metal(loid) contaminants from the soil or water through their roots and translocate them to harvestable aerial shoots. Of late, this plant potential has been used as a phytotechnology, termed as phytoextraction, for cleaning contaminated sites, and this process has successfully removed elements like As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb, among others. Exploring plants with high metal-accumulation capacity, as well as engineering new hyperaccumulators, is a need of the hour. It is assumed that hyperaccumulators have a >1 shoot:root metal-accumulation ratio, which they achieve by way of (i) overexpression of transport systems for improved sequestration, (ii) tissue-specific protein expression, and (iii) high concentration of metal chelators. Unlike nonhyperaccumulators, the hyperaccumulating species normally bind metal ions to weak oxygen ligands and use strong ligands only for transient binding during transport to storage sites. Adequate understanding of genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology of metal accumulation is a prelude to developing transgenics with improved phytoremediation capacity. Current research in plant breeding, genomics, and proteomics suggest promising leads to the creation of “remediation” cultivars. Several transporter genes associated with metal uptake, transport, and accumulation have been identified. Efforts are underway to enhance the phytoextraction capacity of relevant species, not only by using chelating agents but also by attempting hybridization, protoplast fusion, as well as genetic engineering through novel gene transfer, overexpression of genes, and (or) reverse gene insertion, to enhance (i) transpiration rate; (ii) uptake, translocation, and metabolism of metals; (iii) activity of enzymes related to rate-limiting steps; and (iv) transformation of accumulated metal to volatile forms, and (or) silencing gene(s) that encode proteases. Genome evolution in hyperaccumulators needs to be understood through a systematic study of ecological and molecular genomics. Sequencing of a complete genome of hyperaccumulators can help in identifying the promising functional noncoding regions in the genome, thus making the experimental analysis more accurate. In addition to the constitutive overexpression of a single gene, simultaneous expression of several genes in specific cellular components has to be focused. Other areas that require expert attention include identification of metal-transporter proteins and the introduction of genes encoding the metal transporters, overexpression of metallothioneins and phytochelatin synthase, and overproduction of nicotianamine and histidine in plants. A comprehensive study of transgenic gene frequency, covering several plant generations growing on polluted as well as nonpolluted soils, may assess the possibility of gene escape into the environment and its transfer to the microorganisms present in the surroundings. This review attempts not only to collect and collate information available on mechanisms of metal accumulation and detoxification in plants and on the factors affecting the tolerance and phytoextraction capacity of plants but also the strategies that have been or can be devised for raising novel plant genotypes with elevated capacity of metal accumulation and toxicity tolerance.

Phytoextraction Efficiency of Cadmium and Zinc by Arum (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i> L.) Grown in Hydroponics

“…Metallothioneins (MTs) and MT-like proteins have been found in various plant species including C. esculenta. These proteins favor the transport of metals from roots to shoots (Iqbal et al, 2015). Several studies demonstrated the metal tolerance and phytoextraction efficiency of arum plant to various heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn (Kashem et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2011;Kashem et al, 2013;Chayapan et al, 2015a;2015b;Madera-Parra et al, 2015;Islam et al, 2016a;2016b).…”

SaHsfA4c From Sedum alfredii Hance Enhances Cadmium Tolerance by Regulating ROS-Scavenger Activities and Heat Shock Proteins Expression

“…Given that heavy metals are persistent and non-degradable, their contamination of soil is irreversible and leads to a decline in soil fertility as well as in crop yield and quality (Luo et al, 2015). Heavy metals accumulated in plants and animals can enter the food chain and subsequently harm human health (Iqbal et al, 2015). Thus, the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil has long been a challenge and a popular research focus.…”

Induction of Cadmium Stress Tolerance in Triticum Aestivum L. By Alfalfa Leaf Extract

“…Cadmium has negative effects on photosynthetic pigments (Parmer et al, 2013), electron transport chain in photosynthesis, and alter membrane structure due to phospholipids degradation in cell membrane (Dhir et al, 2004). Metals accumulate in different plant species such as mustard (Brassica campestris L.) , sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (Iqbal et al, 2015; Abd-Allah et al, 2015), soybean (Glycine max L.) (Abdo et al, 2012), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (Sun et al, 2015) and exert health hazard effects on animals by entering in the food chain ).…”

“…There is a need to devise strategies for new genotypes of plants with high metal accumulation and toxicity tolerance (Iqbal et al, 2015). Exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) can increase growth rate and yield of crops under both control and stress conditions (Perveen et al, 2016).…”