Improving the Recombination Losses by the Inclusion of Bi‐HTM (CuO/Silicon) Layers for Formamidinium Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

The innovative lead‐free formamidinium tin‐based perovskite solar cell structure is considered nontoxic and potentially more stable than lead‐based, although its performance is not yet excellent. This research aims to enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells and reduce the recombination losses. According to device modeling, the FASnI3 perovskite solar cell demonstrates a packing conversion efficiency of 14.3% (open circuit voltage (Voc) = 0.899 V, fill factor (FF) = 58.9%, and current density (Jsc) = 26.06 mA cm−2) by employing Bi hole transporting layers, a copper oxide, and crystalline silicon layers. Some features that affect the device include the thickness of each layer, the doping density of copper oxide and a silicon layer, and the back contact metalwork function. It is proposed that Bi‐HTL reduce the carriers to enter hole transport layer (HTL) as the doping change so that decreasing charge carriers recombination and enhancing the device efficiency in tin‐based perovskite solar cell with the structure of ITO/TiO2/FASnI3/CuO/Si/C. Furthermore, the impacts of various charge transport layers on energy band alignment, recombination, electric field, and IV properties are thoroughly explored.

Optimizing Lead-Free Chalcogenide Perovskite Solar Cells: A Path to High Efficiency and Stability for Renewable Energy Conversion

“…eqs 1, 2, 3, 17 In the present study, Figure 1a shows the n−i−p planar structure of the PSC with Au as the metal back contact (MBCs), Spiro-OMeTAD layer used as the HTM, BaZrSe 3 as the absorber layer, TiO 2 as the ETL, and FTO as the contact for the front glass, and Figure 1b shows the initial energy band diagram. The input parameters for the initial structures are provided in Table 1, derived from previous research and theories.…”

“…SCAPS was designed by the Gent University Department of Electronics and Information Systems, capable of generating up to seven semiconductor layers. In this work, we used SCAPS (version 3.3.0.9) for simulation and to solve the following equations eqs , , , , , and are the basic equations used in SCAPS-1D simulation software to determine the various solar cell parameters. Here, μ n and μ p refer to electron and hole mobility, ξ refers to the of electric field, G p and G n , represent the hole and electron generation rates, respectively, D represents the coefficient of diffusion, permittivity is represented by ε, electrostatic potential is represented by ψ, charge on holes and electrons is represented by q , acceptor and donor density are represented by N A and N D , density of trapped electrons is represented by p t ( x ) and n t ( x ), μ n,p and τ n,p represent the electron/hole lifetime, represents the thermal voltage, I L represents the current generated by light, and saturation current is represented by I o .…”

Optimizing Lead-free MASnBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells for High-Efficiency and Long-Term Stability Using Graphene and Advanced Interface Layers

“…6 The maximum performance of the PSCs is achieved when CuO is used as the HTM. 7 Numerical simulations showed efficiencies of 24.17, 25.36, and 24.50% when zinc oxide was employed as the ETM layer with Spiro-MeOTAD, CuO 2 , and PEDOT:PSS, as the HTM, respectively, with MASnI 3 absorber layer. 8 Graphene was used as an interface layer due to its high electrical properties, wide absorption spectrum, high charge carrier mobility, and increased stability of the PSC structure.…”

“…The highest performance is achieved when zinc oxide (ZnO) is employed as the ETL in PSCs . The maximum performance of the PSCs is achieved when CuO is used as the HTM . Numerical simulations showed efficiencies of 24.17, 25.36, and 24.50% when zinc oxide was employed as the ETM layer with Spiro-MeOTAD, CuO 2 , and PEDOT:PSS, as the HTM, respectively, with MASnI 3 absorber layer .…”

Comprehensive investigation of material properties and operational parameters for enhancing performance and stability of FASnI3-based perovskite solar cells

“…Nevertheless, there are still pertinent challenges that require attention. Various factors influence the performance of the material, encompassing considerations such as the toxicity of specific components in the device structure, the material’s phase stability during transitions, long-term stability, the trade-off between thickness and performance, the degree of crystallinity achieved through bulk reduction, management of interface defect density states and boundaries at the grains, resilience to exterior temperature fluctuations during operation, optimization of light collection through surface and interface engineering, and the effective collection and transportation of photogenerated charge carriers 12 .…”