Improving vaccine-related pain, distress or fear in healthy children and adolescents–a systematic search of patient-focused interventions

Abstract

Interventions using coolant and vibration together, as well as a combination of site-specific and patient-led interventions, showed the most consistent effects in reducing self-reported pain, fear or distress.

Understanding and Minimising Injection-Site Pain Following Subcutaneous Administration of Biologics: A Narrative Review

“…The use of topical analgesics has been shown to reduce ISP both immediately and 5 min after an injection [ 84 , 85 ]. In addition, the use of an ice pack or coolant may help to numb the site prior to the injection and reduce ISP [ 59 , 60 , 86 ]. As most biologics are stored at 2–8 °C, they should be warmed to room temperature for about 30–45 min prior to administration in order to avoid any pain associated with the injection of a cold solution [ 62 , 63 ].…”

Development and validation of the Distracting Ingenuity Promotion Scale for paediatric nurses to support the psychological outcomes of paediatric patients and their families: A survey‐based cross‐sectional cohort study

“…School-age children were focused on because they are old enough to experience psychological outcomes, such as trait anxiety, pain and fear (Jovanovic et al, 2014;Rennick & Rashotte, 2009;Şahin & Topan, 2019), and paediatric nurses can provide them with support (Bartholdson et al, 2021;Lee et al, 2018).…”

“…Based on a commentary on informed consent/assent (Hein, De Vries, et al., 2015; Hein, Troost, et al., 2015; Katz & Webb, 2016), “children” in this study were defined as individuals aged 6–14 years. School‐age children were focused on because they are old enough to experience psychological outcomes, such as trait anxiety, pain and fear (Jovanovic et al., 2014; Rennick & Rashotte, 2009; Şahin & Topan, 2019), and paediatric nurses can provide them with support (Bartholdson et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2018).…”

Cooling to reduce the pain associated with vaccination: A systematic review

“…Previous systematic and literature reviews in paediatric populations (9,10) and combined paediatric and adult populations (11), have investigated interventions to reduce the pain of immunisation. Topical analgesics were found to be effective in both adult (11) and paediatric populations (9,10), as were sucrose solutions, breastfeeding in the 0-2 year age group (9) and cooling combined with vibration (10) however cooling alone has yielded mixed results.…”