Impulse and 60-cycle characteristics of driven grounds

Investigations on the Performance of a New Grounding Device with Spike Rods under High Magnitude Current Conditions

“…Much work [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] has been carried out to characterize practical earthing systems under fast-impulse, high-magnitude current conditions. As generally known, experimental investigations on practical earthing systems under high impulse currents can provide more realistic results on the characteristics of earthing systems under high currents, in comparison to laboratory and computational methods.…”

“…The first work on impulse characteristics by field measurement was carried out by Towne [1] in 1928, on galvanized-iron pipes with peak currents up to 900 A. In 1941, Bellaschi [2] had used deep-driven earth rods with current magnitudes between 2 kA to 8 kA. The following year, Bellaschi [3], completed further tests on 12 earth rods, with impulse currents of 400 A to 15.5 kA.…”

“…The following year, Bellaschi [3], completed further tests on 12 earth rods, with impulse currents of 400 A to 15.5 kA. There have been a lot more impulse tests [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], were carried out on practical earthing systems, where tit was found that the 'impulse resistance' values were found to be less than those measured for low voltage, low frequency currents [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. A lot of improvements and suggestions in the impulse test methodology on practical earthing systems can also be seen in the last three decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]…”

“…A lot of improvements and suggestions in the impulse test methodology on practical earthing systems can also be seen in the last three decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Impulse tests have also been carried out on practical earthing systems considering various factors, namely; earth electrode geometry, soil resistivity, impulse polarity and voltage/current magnitudes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. For the study of grounding performance with the current magnitudes up to 5 kA, limited studies have been carried out on the effect of the earth electrode's configuration.…”

A Method for Reducing Grounding Impedance

“…There are a number of publications which discuss the reduction of grounding impedances [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. There are a number of publications which discuss the reduction of grounding impedances [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”