In all questions, my interest is not in the individual people but in the analytic movement as a whole. It will be hard enough here in Europe in the times to come to keep it going. After all, we are just a handful of people who really have that in mind &

Abstract

The paper tries to deal with the difficult and at times contradictory decisions that the then leaders of the IPA, S. Freud, A. Freud, E. Jones etc. had to adopt as whether or not to clearly inform the readers of Die Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse and the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, the official scientific periodicals of the IPA, of the tragic events concerning first the German Psychoanalytic Society and then the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and the newborn Italian Psychoanalytic Society and other European psychoanalytic societies during the years 1933-1945. Because of the anti-Jewish persecution by the Nazi and fascist regimes the IPA had to face the extremely difficult task of helping its Continental Jewish members to emigrate to the USA, Great Britain and other countries in order to save their lives and to allow psychoanalysis to survive, with enormous radical consequences for the scientific and sociocultural future developments of the discipline.The following notes are dedicated to those non-Aryans and Aryans who could not find a proper rescue and whose graves became the wind which scattered the ashes of their bodies with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the Nazi gas chambers.

The Years of Alienation in Italy: Factory and Asylum Between the Economic Miracle and the Years of Lead

“…It happened among others to Ferenczi himself, whose Clinical Diary remained for years untranslated into English; to Melanie Klein, whose work with children put her at risk of being expelled from the Psychoanalytical Society (Kristeva 2001); to Wilhelm Reich who was expelled for being a Marxist; and to Jacques Lacan for changing the length of the session. See for instance Steiner (2011). 6.…”

A note on the history of the Norwegian Psychoanalytic Society from 1933 to 1945

“…This paper is in part a response to Riccardo Steiner’s excellent and scholarly paper published in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis on 27 June 2011 (Steiner, 2011), which has spurred us to pursue a particular line of inquiry. Steiner’s paper was entitled: “In all questions, my interest is not in the individual people but in the analytic movement as a whole.…”

“…A. Brill on 28 February 1934, in which she discusses how psychoanalysis is able to continue to operate in countries ruled by fascist and Nazi regimes (Freud, 1934). In his paper, Steiner states: “And a few years later most of northern Europe, particularly the Netherlands and Denmark, also became dangerous territory for psychoanalysts because of Nazi occupation” (Steiner, 2011, p. 567). This paper intends to elaborate upon Steiner’s statement, examining, firstly, the formation and history of the Norwegian Psychoanalytic Society and, secondly, the position of Norwegian analysts under Nazi occupation.…”

Therapy and Ideology: Psychoanalysis and Its Vicissitudes in Pre-state Israel (Including Some Hitherto Unpublished Letters by Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein)

“…Métraux 1993), and the latter shows itself to have been again immensely different from the growth of psychoanalysis in Latin America (cf. Ash 1991;Ash and Stiller 1996;Peters 1992;Fermi 1968;Martin 1986;Haynal 1994;Kurzweil 1996;Steiner, 1989Steiner, , 2010Makari 2008). Thus, the study of (broadly speaking) regional (i.e., national, local, etc.)…”

“…The encounter with the Nazi regime and its brutal anti-Semitism, the forced migration to countries with different intellectual and scientific traditions, and, finally, Freud's death in 1939, were closely intertwined during the period when psychoanalysis entered its post-Freudian epoch (cf. Ash 1991;Ash and Stiller 1996;Peters 1992;Fermi 1968;Martin 1986;Haynal 1994;Kurzweil 1996;Steiner, 1989Steiner, , 2010Makari 2008).…”