No abstract

Zolpidem with appropriate testing appears to be a credible alternative to electroconvulsive therapy or increased lorazepam dosing and allows continuation of antipsychotic administration.

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The paper tries to deal with the difficult and at times contradictory decisions that the then leaders of the IPA, S. Freud, A. Freud, E. Jones etc. had to adopt as whether or not to clearly inform the readers of Die Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse and the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, the official scientific periodicals of the IPA, of the tragic events concerning first the German Psychoanalytic Society and then the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and the newborn Italian Psychoanalytic Society and other European psychoanalytic societies during the years 1933-1945. Because of the anti-Jewish persecution by the Nazi and fascist regimes the IPA had to face the extremely difficult task of helping its Continental Jewish members to emigrate to the USA, Great Britain and other countries in order to save their lives and to allow psychoanalysis to survive, with enormous radical consequences for the scientific and sociocultural future developments of the discipline.The following notes are dedicated to those non-Aryans and Aryans who could not find a proper rescue and whose graves became the wind which scattered the ashes of their bodies with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the Nazi gas chambers.

The author discusses a few points in a long clinical history from which he has derived the notion of 'heroic self', describing how it manifested through 'heroic' projective and introjective identifications. He also demonstrates the importance of repairing both the heroic self and the internal objects, and how essential it is for the analyst to differentiate between the heroic self and its megalomaniac psychopathic manifestations, and to recover the heroic self when it appears to be lost, as in the case of severe, quasi-melancholic, depression. By heroic self and heroic projective and introjective identifications, he means the creative person's specific need to associate himself with, to compete with and excel the heroes of his own cultural tradition. The creative person is able to do so via these projections and introjections, and the need is based on the creator's inner awareness of naturally possessing unusual, or even outstanding, gifts; in other words, the creative person has an awareness of being, or of the possibility of becoming, a creative hero. Brief reference is made throughout to other clinical material, and in the final section further support is given to the author's views on the heroic self with short quotations and examples from non-psychoanalytic sources that provide further interesting evidence of the existence and functioning of the heroic self. With particular reference to Segal's work in this field (1952, 1991), and her notion of 'meaningful form', the author tries to further develop its implications in the light of the heroic self and of the heroic projective and introjective identifications, as far as the creator and those who respond to and evaluate his or her work are concerned.