In-biofilm generation of nitric oxide using a magnetically-targetable cascade-reaction container for eradication of infectious biofilms

A self-activated cascade nanoreactor based on Pd–Ru/GOx for bacterial infection treatment

“…Recent progress in the cascade reactions that employed endogenous substrates in the human body to generate ROS opens a new door for bacterial infection control. 25,26 Cascade reactions combine at least two reactions, and the latter reaction is initiated by the product of the previous reaction. 27 Thereinto, enzymatic cascade reactions, particularly nanozyme-involved cascade reactions, have attracted much interest for potential use in cancer and infection therapies.…”

“…27 Thereinto, enzymatic cascade reactions, particularly nanozyme-involved cascade reactions, have attracted much interest for potential use in cancer and infection therapies. 22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] For example, glucose oxidase (GOx) has been combined with POD-like nanozymes to construct cascade reaction systems. 25,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] In these systems, GOx usually triggered the reactions by catalyzing the endogenous glucose to produce sufficient H 2 O 2 , and the generated H 2 O 2 molecules were subsequently decomposed into hydroxyl radicals ( OH) by POD-like nanozyme-mediated catalytic reactions.…”

“…However, a major challenge in applying the enzymatic cascade reaction is that the intermediates generated from the first-step reaction cannot effectively enrich around the second enzyme, leading to a low ROS generation efficacy. 26,38,39 To address the limitation, some carriers, such as dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles, 23 MgCO 3 30 and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), 40,41 were developed to load both natural enzymes and nanozymes simultaneously. Although the co-loaded strategies improved the cascade reaction efficiency to some extent, the introduction of inorganic or organic supporting bases might affect the affinity and mass transfer of substrate molecules, resulting in a limited catalytic performance.…”

Targeted Anti-Biofilm Therapy: Dissecting Targets in the Biofilm Life Cycle

“…Shi et al loaded glucose-oxidase and L-arginine on Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 to deliver nanoparticles to the infected site in mice by magnetic targeting technique. Nanoparticles achieve a cascade reaction to produce NO to eliminate the biofilm infection of drug-resistant bacteria [ 216 ]. Escarpa et al reported a dual-propelled (both catalytic and magnetic) lanbiotic-based Janus micromotor, which can efficiently and selectively capture/inactivate Gram-positive bacteria and biofilms [ 217 ].…”

Photothermally Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nitric Oxide Release to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

“…Recently, the active movement of nanoparticles driven by external forces has been explored as a promising strategy to control the penetration and accumulation of particles in biological tissues. − Among the various external forces considered, magnetic force stands out due to its high penetration depth and spatiotemporal selectivity. These properties have endowed magnetic-responsive nanoparticles targeting ability in complex environments in cancer treatments. − Meanwhile, few reports on the application of magnetic nanoparticles in the antibiofilm field have emerged only very recently. − For example, Balhaddad et al constructed a magnetic-responsive photosensitizer nanoplatform by assembling a photosensitizer and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which under an external magnetic field can drive the photosensitizer to deep sites inside biofilms, thus improving the photodynamic antibiofilm effect . Zhang et al prepared nanocomplexes of Ag and Fe 3 O 4 and showed that they can penetrate into biofilms and exhibit enhanced antibiofilm efficacy under an external magnetic field …”