“…Smoke from open fires, known as the "killer in the kitchen" has significant health implications that disproportionately affect women and children (Gordon et al, 2014;Olopade et al, 2017;Perez-Padilla, Schilmann, & Riojas-Rodriguez, 2010;Smith et al, 2011;Thorsson et al, 2014). Clean energy technologies and fuels such as small-scale anaerobic digesters for biogas production and improved cooking stoves using sustainably harvested wood, biochar, bio-briquettes, and pellets are in development (Champion & Grieshop, 2019;Dinesha, Kumar, & Rosen, 2019;Garfí, Martí-Herrero, Garwood, & Ferrer, 2016;Gitau, Mutune, Sundberg, Mendum, & Njenga, 2019;Johnson et al, 2019;Orskov, Yongabi Anchang, Subedi, & Smith, 2014;Rajendran, Aslanzadeh, & Taherzadeh, 2012;Vasco-Correa, Khanal, Manandhar, & Shah, 2018) (cleancookingalliance.org). In the northern hemisphere, lignocellulosic biomass such as white wood pellets produced from forestry residues and solid fuels such as Miscanthus (Poaceae) and Salix (Salicaceae) are used in thermal power plants.…”