In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms

Abstract

Members of the coronaviridae family are endemic to human populations and have caused several epidemics and pandemics in recent history. In this review, we will discuss the feasibility of and progress toward the ultimate goal of creating a pan-coronavirus vaccine that can protect against infection and disease by all members of the coronavirus family. We will detail the unmet clinical need associated with the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the four seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, NL63, HKU1 and 229E) in humans and the potential for future zoonotic coronaviruses. We will highlight how first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and natural history studies have greatly increased our understanding of effective antiviral immunity to coronaviruses and have informed next-generation vaccine design. We will then consider the ideal properties of a pan-coronavirus vaccine and propose a blueprint for the type of immunity that may offer cross-protection. Finally, we will describe a subset of the diverse technologies and novel approaches being pursued with the goal of developing broadly or universally protective vaccines for coronaviruses.

Microfluidic Synthesis of Scalable Layer-by-Layer Multiple Antigen Nano-Delivery Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

“…This suggests that factors other than antibodies, such as T-cells and cytokine response, may contribute to protecting these seronegative patients [ 7 ]. As a result, the ideal next-generation vaccine or vaccine platform must be carefully designed to induce broadly neutralizing antibody and cellular responses to achieve full and long-lasting protection [ 8 ].…”

Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses

“…Given the zoonotic nature of animal coronaviruses, it is crucial to develop effective vaccines to control their spread and prevent future outbreaks. Although several animal coronavirus vaccines are currently available, their efficacy and ability to confer cross-protection against various strains and subtypes are limited [ 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new generation vaccines that can provide broad protection against diverse animal coronaviruses.…”