“…The above methods allow for the accurate monitoring of rock mass failure in various applications; however, dynamic monitoring methods with respect to the rock mass failure process require further investigation, especially the monitoring of the interfacial damage of composite rocks masses.With similar properties to those of rocks, concrete materials, which are widely used in civil infrastructure as substitutes, are subject to significant deterioration due to adverse service conditions such as corrosion [18][19][20] and vibration [21,22]. To mitigate the deterioration of infrastructure, there have been significant developments with respect to structural health monitoring (SHM) [23][24][25][26][27][28] in recent decades, and piezoceramic materials have been widely applied for the SHM of concrete structures [29-31] due to their low cost, high sensitivity [32], rapid response [33,34], wide frequency range [35,36], and energy harvesting capacity [37][38][39], in addition to actuating and sensing capacities [40][41][42]. Song et al developed a smart aggregate (SA), which was fabricated by the embedment of waterproof piezoceramic patches in small concrete or marble blocks [43,44], for the SHM of concrete structures.…”