In situ observations of the onset of hydrothermal discharge during the 1998 Submarine Eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Baker, Edward T.; Fox, Christopher G.; Cowen, James P.

doi:10.1029/1999gl002331

Cited by 41 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Active long-term venting occurs along these rift zones and near the boundary fault (25). In January 1998, Axial experienced a week-long series of earthquakes, and subsequent water column and sea floor observations on the southeast portion of the caldera found temperature and chemical anomalies, extensive new sea floor lava flows, large "snowblower" type vents, and other characteristics commonly associated with dikingeruptive events (1,16,17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Changes in Archaeal Diversity and Chemistry in a Mid-Ocean Ridge Subseafloor Habitat

Huber¹,

Butterfield

Baross³

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

222

261

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The temporal variation in archaeal diversity in vent fluids from a midocean ridge subseafloor habitat was examined using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and most-probable-number (MPN) cultivation techniques targeting hyperthermophiles. To determine how variations in temperature and chemical characteristics of subseafloor fluids affect the microbial communities, we performed molecular phylogenetic and chemical analyses on diffuse-flow vent fluids from one site shortly after a volcanic eruption in 1998 and again in 1999 and 2000. The archaeal population was divided into particle-attached (>3-m-diameter cells) and free-living fractions to test the hypothesis that subseafloor microorganisms associated with active hydrothermal systems are adapted for a lifestyle that involves attachment to solid surfaces and formation of biofilms. To delineate between entrained seawater archaea and the indigenous subseafloor microbial community, a background seawater sample was also examined and found to consist only of Group I Crenarchaeota and Group II Euryarchaeota, both of which were also present in vent fluids. The indigenous subseafloor archaeal community consisted of clones related to both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic Methanococcales, as well as many uncultured Euryarchaeota, some of which have been identified in other vent environments. The particleattached fraction consistently showed greater diversity than the free-living fraction. The fluid and MPN counts indicate that while culturable hyperthermophiles represent less than 1% of the total microbial community, the subseafloor at new eruption sites does support a hyperthermophilic microbial community. The temperature and chemical indicators of the degree of subseafloor mixing appear to be the most important environmental parameters affecting community diversity, and it is apparent that decreasing fluid temperatures correlated with increased entrainment of seawater, decreased concentrations of hydrothermal chemical species, and increased incidence of seawater archaeal sequences.Hydrothermal vent environments consist of multiple biotopes that span many of the physical and chemical conditions known to support life, including large ranges of temperature, pH, pressure, and oxygen concentrations and various forms of chemical energy, such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and hydrogen (3,27,35). In all of these biotopes, microorganisms utilize either chemical energy derived from the reaction of water with rock at high temperatures or organic compounds derived from multiple sources (27). The microbial diversity varies from a single species of bacteria, as is the case for animal endosymbionts (52), to complex communities of different thermal groups of bacteria and archaea observed in hot vent fluids (42, 48, 49), sulfide structures (14,20,48,50), and microbial mats (31, 36). The subseafloor biotopes are probably the most enigmatic, since they are characterized by variable porosity (22) and complex thermal and chemical gradients (6) due to mixing of seawater with hydroth...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Changes in Archaeal Diversity and Chemistry in a Mid-Ocean Ridge Subseafloor Habitat

Huber¹,

Butterfield

Baross³

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

222

261

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“…Since 1992, time-averaging vertical seismometers, short-baseline tilt sensors, temperature sensors, and current meters have been added to the in situ instrument packages within the caldera. Conclusive evidence of volcanic activity at Axial was confirmed in January 1998 when extensive seismicity , subsidence of the caldera floor , fresh lava flows, and hydrothermal plumes [Baker et al, 1999] associated with a seafloor eruption were observed. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the history of earthquake swarm activity at Axial Volcano to gain insight into the dynamics of a seafloor volcano in the time preceding and shortly after a volcanic eruption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term seismicity and ground deformation at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Dziak¹,

Fox²

1999

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…In situ collection of vent fluids and active hydrothermal chimney samples for microbiological analysis can be challenging, due to the hot, corrosive, and potentially ephemeral conditions of the environments. Within the past 2 decades, scientists have mounted rapid response research programs to visit hydrothermal vent sites as soon as possible after documented volcanic or tectonic activity in an effort to capture the microbial communities associated with recent venting and to establish baselines for community dynamics and maturation (31,142). Researchers have employed colonization chambers or unique fluid collection devices to obtain samples.…”

Section: Vol 75 2011 Microbial Ecology Of the Dark Ocean 389mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor

Orcutt

Sylvan

Knab

et al. 2011

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

603

499

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SUMMARY The majority of life on Earth—notably, microbial life—occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean—the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.—has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.

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In situ observations of the onset of hydrothermal discharge during the 1998 Submarine Eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Cited by 41 publications

References 16 publications

Temporal Changes in Archaeal Diversity and Chemistry in a Mid-Ocean Ridge Subseafloor Habitat

Temporal Changes in Archaeal Diversity and Chemistry in a Mid-Ocean Ridge Subseafloor Habitat

Long‐term seismicity and ground deformation at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor

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