In situ prepared polyamide 6/DOPO-derivative nanocomposite for melt-spinning of flame retardant textile filaments

Vasiljević, Jelena; Čolović, Marija; Simončić, Barbara; Demšar, Andrej; Samaki, Younes; Šobak, Matic; Šest, Ervin; Golja, Barbara; Leskovšek, Mirjam; Bukošek, V.; Medved, Jožef; Barbalini, Marco; Malucelli, Giulio; Bolka, Silvester

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.011

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The results for the thermal decomposition of Me, GA, and MA complexes indicate that these compounds decompose much earlier than PA1010 decomposition. As a consequence, the resulted flame-retardant volatile radicals could emerge in the gas phase and quench the radicals that sustain PA1010 combustion [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

et al. 2020

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This work aims at developing polyamide 1010 (PA1010) composites with improved fire behavior using a halogen-free flame-retardant system based on melamine (Me) and gallic acid (GA) complexes (MA). The MA complexes were formed by hydrogen bonding, starting from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 Me:GA molar ratios. PA1010 composites were obtained by melt mixing, followed by compression molding. MA provided a plasticizing effect on the PA1010 matrix by decreasing the glass transition temperature. The influence of MA on PA1010 chain packaging was highlighted in the X-ray diffraction patterns, mainly in the amorphous phase, but affected also the α and γ planes. This was reflected in the dynamic mechanical properties by the reduction of the storage modulus. H-bonds occurrence in MA complexes, improved the efficiency in the gaseous form during fire exposure, facilitating the gas formation and finally reflected in thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability, LOI results, and vertical burning behavior results. PA1010 containing a higher amount of GA in the complex (MA12) displayed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.6%, much higher when compared to neat PA1010 (25.8%). Vertical burning tests showed that all the composites can achieve the V-0 rating in contrast with neat PA1010 that has V-2 classification.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

et al. 2020

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“…Accordingly, the emerging 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives represent promising halogen-free flame retardant alternatives that have already found application in various polymers such as epoxy resins, polyurethane foams, engineering plastics, and polyester and polyamide fibers due to the highly efficient and versatile flame retardant activity [ 2 , 11 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Although flame retardant DOPO derivatives have found widespread application in the last decade, their toxicity profiles and bioaccumulation potentials as well as the toxicity profiles of the final flame retardant polymeric material have rarely been reported [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous work, we have demonstrated the development of novel halogen-free flame retardant PA6 filament yarns with a highly efficient self-extinguishing properties achieved by the incorporation of 6′-(1-phenylethane-1,2-diyl)bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]-oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (PHED) in the PA6 matrix [ 31 ]. To gain more insight into the functional properties of this flame retardant PA6 textile material and its toxicity profile, the present study focuses on the evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal properties, cytotoxicity, leaching, and the leachate aquatic ecotoxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, leaching, and ecotoxicity of novel flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) textile fibers developed by our research group. The textile fibers were produced by the incorporation of flame-retardant bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative (PHED) in the PA6 matrix during the in situ polymerization process at concentrations equal to 10 and 15 wt% (PA6/10PHED and PA6/15PHED, respectively). Whilst the nanodispersed PHED provided highly efficient flame retardancy, its biological activity led to excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results confirmed leaching of the PHED, but the tested leachates did not cause any measurable toxic effect to the duckweed Lemna minor. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the leached PHED from the PA6/15PHED sample was confirmed for human cells from adipose tissue in direct and prolonged contact. The targeted biological activity of the organophosphinate flame retardant could be beneficial for the development of PA6 textile materials with multifunctional properties and the low ecotoxicity profile, while the PHED’s leaching and cytotoxicity limit their application involving the washing processes and direct contact with the skin.

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“…These phosphate esters flame retardants are usually poor at thermally chemical stability. Therefore, in order to satisfy the processing temperature of PA 66 and to avoid the risk of clogging the filters and spinnerets, 20 it is very essential for fabricating flame‐retardant PA 66 fibers to develop new flame retardants with high thermal stability and meltable property.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthesis of meltable and highly thermostable triazine‐DOPO flame retardant and its application in PA66

Guo

Bao

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A melting phosphorous‐nitrogen flame retardant was synthesized via the addition reaction of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and 2,4,6‐triallyloxy‐1,3,5‐triazine (TAC). The synthesized product from DOPO and TAC (DT) flame retardant possesses high thermal stability with T5wt% at 340°C, which can meet the high‐temperature processing for polyamide 6,6 (PA66) and other engineering plastics. The chemical structures of DT were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrometry. The PA composites were fabricated via blending PA66 with DT and poly‐phenyl ether (PPO) as charring agent. The results show that the PA composites exhibit strong flame retardancy with limited oxygen index reaching to 29.0%. As compared to the neat PA66, the total heat release and the effective heat of combustion were decreased by 27% and 21%, respectively. The mechanism study revealed that the thermal cleavage of DT gave the phosphorus‐containing free radicals and incombustible nitrogen‐containing gas, indicating the ability of DT to flame‐inhibition in the gas phase. Moreover, the char formation of the PA66‐based composites was facilitated by the synergistic effect from DT and PPO. This study may gain a potential technical route to manufacture the flame‐retardant PA66 materials for the melt spinning of fibers.

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In situ prepared polyamide 6/DOPO-derivative nanocomposite for melt-spinning of flame retardant textile filaments

Cited by 44 publications

References 27 publications

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

The synthesis of meltable and highly thermostable triazine‐DOPO flame retardant and its application in PA66

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