In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) Under Static and Laser-Driven Shock Compression

Ortho-xylene (o-xylene), a derivative of benzene and an important aromatic compound is applied as an anti-knocking agent in automobiles and jet engines. Knocking being a dynamical phenomenon that occurs at very high temperatures and high pressures, here we have reported the pump–probe technique based time-resolved Raman spectroscopy studies under laser-driven shock compression (high temperature and high pressure) along with the numerical simulation to understand the molecular level response of o-xylene under shock compression. The laser shock experiments carried out up to 4.1 GPa using confinement geometry target holder assembly show indication of three phase transitions, i.e., liquid–solid phase-I, solid phase-I–solid phase-II, and solid phase-II–solid phase-III at 1.2, 2.1, and 3.6 GPa, respectively. The shock velocities calculated for 700 mJ laser energy (corresponding pressure 2.5 GPa) using intensity ratios of Raman modes scattered from the shocked and whole region of the sample for 735 and 582 cm−1 Raman modes are 3.4 ± 0.3 and 3.5 ± 0.3 km/s, respectively, which is in close agreement with the shock velocity of 3.51 km/s determined using 1D radiation hydrodynamic numerical simulation. In addition, our high-pressure static compression studies on this compound employing diamond anvil cell up to 13 GPa show that this compound shows four possible phase transitions at 0.4, 0.9, 3.8, and 12 GPa pressures to solid phase I, II, III, and IV, respectively. On release, these phase transitions are reversible.

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In situ time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of nitromethane under static and dynamic compression

Chaurasia,

Mohan,

Mishra

et al. 2023

Journal of Applied Physics

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Energetic materials are extensively used as propellants in rockets demanding the understanding of their chemical and thermal stability for safe storage and transportation as well as ease of decomposition. Nitromethane (NM) is one such material with significant performance advantage over other mono propellants. In this manuscript, we report the detailed molecular-level behavior of NM under static and dynamic compression. Dynamic compression experiments were performed up to ∼6.4 GPa using a 2 J/8 ns Nd: YAG laser coupled with time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS) setup. Static compression experiments were performed up to ∼20 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. During laser-driven shock compression, NM undergoes three phase transitions at 1.1, 2.5, and 3.4 GPa. However, in the case of static compression, the corresponding phase transitions were observed at 0.3, 1.3–1.8, and 2.5 GPa. TRRS was also performed at 300 mJ (1.47 GW/cm2), 500 mJ (2.45 GW/cm2), and 800 mJ (3.9 GW/cm2) and intensity ratios of shocked and un-shocked Raman peaks were utilized to experimentally calculate the shock velocities, which were determined to be 2.66 ± 0.09, 3.58 ± 0.40, and 3.83 ± 0.60 km/s, respectively. These experimental results were corroborated with the one-dimensional (1D) radiation hydrodynamics simulations, performed to obtain shock pressure. The shock velocities at these laser intensities were calculated to be 2.98, 3.69, and 3.92 km/s, respectively, which are in reasonably close agreement with our observed results.

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In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Under Static and Laser-Driven Shock Compression

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Phase transitions of carbon tetrachloride under static and dynamic pressures

Phase transitions of carbon tetrachloride under static and dynamic pressures

Raman spectroscopic studies of ortho-xylene under laser driven shock and static compression

In situ time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of nitromethane under static and dynamic compression

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In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Under Static and Laser-Driven Shock Compression

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Phase transitions of carbon tetrachloride under static and dynamic pressures

Phase transitions of carbon tetrachloride under static and dynamic pressures

Raman spectroscopic studies of ortho-xylene under laser driven shock and static compression

In situ time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of nitromethane under static and dynamic compression

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In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Under Static and Laser-Driven Shock Compression