In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy Observation of Crack Initiation and Propagation in Hydroxide Films Formed by Steam Coating on Aluminum-Alloy Sheets

Li, Hongmei; Takata, Naoki; Kobashi, Makoto; Serizawa, Akimi

doi:10.3390/ma13051238

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As a result of tensile stress, they are separate from the matrix, creating a void. Li, H. et al [ 34 ] observed the initiation and development of cracks on the surface of a coating applied to alloy 6061 during the bending of samples. They discovered that crack initiation begins with the delamination of the coating from the surface of the base material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cracking of Al-Mg Alloys Welded by MIG and FSW under Slow Strain Rating

Dudzik

Czechowski

2023

Materials

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Al-Mg alloys used in the shipbuilding industry were tested. The most commonly used alloy AW 5083 and alloy AW 5059 with higher strength properties were selected. Both native materials and their joints welded by the traditional MIG arc welding method and the friction stir welding (FSW) method were tested. Both methods are approved by classification societies which allow them to be used in construction by the shipbuilding industry. The research was carried out in two stages. The first study was an “in-situ tensile test in SEM”. The surfaces of the deformed specimens’ changes were observed in the vacuum chamber of a Philips XL30 scanning electron microscope. During the tests, the force and elongation of the specimen were recorded. In addition, a chemical analysis of selected precipitates was performed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) using the EDAX adapter. Slip lines were observed on the surface of the tested specimens, which are arranged in bands in the native material and in a disordered manner in the joints welded by MIG and FSW methods. Cracking starts mainly through decohesion at the matrix-precipitate interfaces. In the second stage of the research, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) was carried out in accordance with ISO 7539-7:2005. The tests were carried out on a specially designed test stand, where the FT-5307 strain gauge force sensor with a measuring range of 0–16 kN was used to measure the force value. The PSz 20 transducer with a measuring range of 0–20 mm was also used. The test consisted of subjecting the specimen to increasing deformation with the strain rate έ = 1.6 × 10−6 s−1 until destruction. The fracture surfaces of the SSRT specimens were subjected to fractographic analysis using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope. The results of fractographic studies after the SSRT test of the native materials and their joints welded by the MIG and FSW methods indicate that the trans-crystalline cracking mechanism is dominant, characterized by ductile fracture, and cracks are initiated at the interfaces of the precipitates with the matrix. The research results show that the plastic deformation increases and micro-cracks develop and merge into a main crack, which, after reaching the critical dimension, rapidly develops, causing the destruction of the material. The fracture micrographs of the specimens of base metals and their joints welded by FSW and MIG after the SSRT test allow us to conclude that the cracking mechanism was trans-crystalline ductile.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cracking of Al-Mg Alloys Welded by MIG and FSW under Slow Strain Rating

Dudzik

Czechowski

2023

Materials

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“…Based on these factors, this study was focused on the steam coating process, which uses steam generated in a pressure vessel (autoclave) to form a dense anticorrosive film on the metal surface [28,29]. The advantage of this surface technology is that it is environmentally friendly, as only water is used in the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ammonia Addition on the Growth of an AlO(OH) Film during Steam Coating Process

2022

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Al alloys possess excellent physical and mechanical properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and good ductility. However, their low corrosion resistance limits their use in corrosive environments. The steam coating process has attracted considerable attention as a new coating technology that can improve the corrosion resistance of Al alloys. This surface treatment technology uses steam to form a corrosion-resistant film on Al alloys. However, a decrease in the processing time, which can result in a lower cost, is needed for the practical application of the steam coating process. In this study, an Al-Mg-Si alloy is used as the base material, and ammonia is added to the steam source to increase the film formation rate. By adding ammonia (0.5 mol/L) to the steam source, the rate constant, K, for film formation increases 1.82 times compared to that of the pure-water-only treatment. Field emission scanning electron micrographs of the film surface confirms that the crystal morphologies of the crystals change from rectangular to parallelepiped shape with increasing process time by ammonia addition. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction patterns show that AlO(OH) crystals are successfully synthesized without byproducts, even when ammonia is added.

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