In situ SEM analysis of surface oxidation mechanisms in carbon steel during vacuum heat treatment

Heard, Rhiannon; Siviour, Clive R.; Dragnevski, Kalin I.

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.396

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The findings in Figure 7 a, show an initial austenite nucleation between the pearlite grains; represented as a small agglomeration of ferrite grains on the right hand side of the image. Previous, rapid heat treatment followed by quenched cooling EBSD studies have indicated that at temperatures of 700–800 °C austenite nucleates preferentially as a block at triple junction at high angled grain boundaries [ 9 ]. The inverse pole figure data presented in Figure 5 also indicates this, where austenite is shown to occur in, and subsequently appears to undergo complete transformation of, these high angled grains first before transforming the lower angled grains.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SE images were captured, using a 15 kV electron beam, at regular intervals during the one-hour heat treatment, with a focus on the first 30–40 min, during which the main phase transformations, from ferrite/pearlite to austenite occurred. The different grayscale levels of the SE images allowed differentiation between different phases [ 8 , 9 ]. This phase information, coupled with thermal etching of the grain boundaries [ 5 ], was used to track the changes in the microstructural evolution with respect to phase and grain size.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques

2022

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This research utilises a novel heat stage combined with a Zeiss scanning electron microscope to investigate phase changes in iron alloys at temperatures up to 800 ℃ using SE and EBSD imaging. Carbon steel samples with starting structures of ferrite/pearlite were transformed into austenite using the commercial heat treatment process whilst imaging within the SEM. This process facilitates capturing both grain and phase transformation in real time allowing better insight into the microstructural evolution and overall phase change kinetics of this heat treatment. The technique for imaging uses a combination of localised EBSD high temperature imaging combined with the development of high temperature thermal-etching SE imaging technique. The SE thermal etching technique, as verified by EBSD images, enables tracking of a statistically significant number of grains (> 100) and identification of individual phases. As well as being applied to carbon steel as shown here, the technique is part of a larger study on high temperature in situ SEM techniques and could be applied to a variety of alloys to study complex phase transformations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques

2022

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Effect of thermal etching and oxidation on in situ characterisation of grain growth in carbon steel

Heard,

Dragnevski,

Siviour

2024

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

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Characteristics of hardness and microstructure of extraction forceps for dental and oral care made of stainless-steel

Kholis

Nuryanto

Mustofa³

2020

ARSTech

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The reliability of medical devices such as extraction forceps is vital for dental and oral care. Apart from having hygienic properties, the extraction forceps must be strong and resistant to corrosion. This study evaluates the effects of tempering temperature on the hardness and microstructure of a medical device's material made from stainless-steel DIN 4021. In the experiments, a heat treatment process was carried out previously with a temperature of 1,050°C and a holding time of 20 minutes. A quenching process was conducted using a cooling channel that flowed with water at 10-20°C. After the heat treatment, the material was subjected to a tempering process with temperature variations of 200, 400, and 600°C. The research results indicated that the heat treatment process could increase the material's hardness value—the hardness value of the raw material changed from 20 to 48.67 HRC with the heat treatment. The tempering parameters resulted in the highest hardness value of 46.67 HRC at 200°C and the lowest value of 42.33 HRC at 600°C. Microstructure testing using optical microscopy showed that it produced ferrite, pearlite, and martensite structures. In contrast, the result of a microstructure testing using Scanning Electron Microscopy on the surface of the material is that the higher the tempering temperature, the larger the particles' area and dimension.

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In situ SEM analysis of surface oxidation mechanisms in carbon steel during vacuum heat treatment

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques

Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques

Effect of thermal etching and oxidation on in situ characterisation of grain growth in carbon steel

Characteristics of hardness and microstructure of extraction forceps for dental and oral care made of stainless-steel

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