In situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering investigation of structural formation of polyethylene upon micro-injection molding

Liao, Tao; Zhao, Xintong; Yang, Xiao; Coates, Phil; Whiteside, Ben; Barker, D. A.; Thompson, Glen; Lai, Yuqing; Jiang, Zhiyong; Men, Yongfeng

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123390

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…There are competing factors of X-Ray transparency, and thermal conductivity together with mechanical strength to withstand the pressure in the mould which is may reach 1600 Bar. There have been relatively few systems reported in the literature and one approach has chosen to reconcile these competing requirements by opting for a metallic mould with xray transparent windows in the form of diamonds [12,13]. This is a well-established approach widely exploited in the design of x-ray cells for high-pressure studies [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When we reviewed the literature, we found few relevant publications, some had employed WAXS techniques [10,11] which have different requirements to SAXS with the moulding of liquid crystal polymers. The most relevant work was on micro-injection moulding and on injection moulding with metal moulds and x-ray transparent diamond windows [12,13]. Diamond windows are widely used in high pressure cells for x-ray scattering [14], but of course they give access to only a small part of the mould cavity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Techniques

Costa¹,

Gameiro²,

Potêncio³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We describe the design and fabrication of an industrial injection moulding system which can be mounted and used on the NCD-SWEET Small-angle X-Ray Scattering Beamline at ALBA. We show how highly useful time-resolved data can be obtained using this system. We are able to evaluate the fraction of material in the mould cavity and identify the first material to solidify and how this varies with the injection tem-perature. The design follows current industrial practice and provides opportunities to collect time-resolved data at several points within the mould cavity so we can build up a 4D perspective of the morphology and its temporal development. The quantitative data obtained will prove invaluable for the optimisation of the next generation of in-jection moulding techniques. This preliminary work used results from the injection moulding of a general purpose isotactic polypropylene.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Techniques

Costa¹,

Gameiro²,

Potêncio³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some had employed WAXS techniques [ 13 , 14 ], which have different requirements to SAXS to study the moulding of liquid crystal polymers. The most relevant work was on micro-injection moulding employing metal moulds and X-ray transparent diamond windows [ 15 , 16 ]. Diamond windows are widely used in high-pressure cells for X-ray scattering [ 17 ], but of course, they give access to only a small part of the mould cavity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts Using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Techniques

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, we describe the design and fabrication of an industrial injection moulding system that can be mounted and used on the NCD-SWEET small-angle X-ray scattering beamline at ALBA. We show how highly useful time-resolved data can be obtained using this system. We are able to evaluate the fraction of the material in the mould cavity and identify the first material to solidify and how this varies with the injection temperature. The design follows current industrial practice and provides opportunities to collect time-resolved data at several points within the mould cavity so that we can build up a 4D perspective of the morphology and its temporal development. The quantitative data obtained will prove invaluable for the optimisation of the next generation of injection moulding techniques. This preliminary work used results from the injection moulding of a general-purpose isotactic polypropylene.

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“…The emphasis on combined techniques has been proven to be very beneficial for the elucidation of polymer nanostructure formation (mainly crystallization) under processing-relevant conditions that mimic industrial environments, such as fast quenching [ 8 , 9 ], solid-state films drawability [ 10 ], 2D stretching [ 10 ], thin film formation by spin coating [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] or polymerization under sc-CO 2 [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] and, recently, 3D printing [ 18 , 19 ] and laser sintering [ 20 ]. Substantial efforts have been dedicated to the understanding of the interplay of the different flow fields [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ] and thermal treatments [ 1 ] that replicate the industrial conditions at which polymers are subjected in processing, such as extrusion, injection moulding [ 27 ], blow moulding [ 28 , 29 ], fibre spinning, drop-casting, filament deposition modelling and inkjet printing on crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Mining of Polymer Phase Transitions upon Temperature Changes by Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Combined with Raman Spectroscopy

et al. 2021

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The complex physical transformations of polymers upon external thermodynamic changes are related to the molecular length of the polymer and its associated multifaceted energetic balance. The understanding of subtle transitions or multistep phase transformation requires real-time phenomenological studies using a multi-technique approach that covers several length-scales and chemical states. A combination of X-ray scattering techniques with Raman spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry was conducted to correlate the structural changes from the conformational chain to the polymer crystal and mesoscale organization. Current research applications and the experimental combination of Raman spectroscopy with simultaneous SAXS/WAXS measurements coupled to a DSC is discussed. In particular, we show that in order to obtain the maximum benefit from simultaneously obtained high-quality data sets from different techniques, one should look beyond traditional analysis techniques and instead apply multivariate analysis. Data mining strategies can be applied to develop methods to control polymer processing in an industrial context. Crystallization studies of a PVDF blend with a fluoroelastomer, known to feature complex phase transitions, were used to validate the combined approach and further analyzed by MVA.

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In situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering investigation of structural formation of polyethylene upon micro-injection molding

Cited by 20 publications

References 41 publications

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Techniques

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Techniques

Evaluating the Injection Moulding of Plastic Parts Using In Situ Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Techniques

Data Mining of Polymer Phase Transitions upon Temperature Changes by Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Combined with Raman Spectroscopy

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