In vitro activity of chloramphenicol, florfenicol and enrofloxacin against<i>Chlamydia pecorum</i>isolated from koalas (<i>Phascolarctos cinereus</i>)

Black, L. A.; Higgins, Damien P.; Govendir, Merran

doi:10.1111/avj.12364

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…If detected and treated early, C. abortus in humans responds well to treatment with TET and erythromycin (MAC) [33], however, it is endemic in the livestock industry, and although oxytetracycline (TET) will reduce the number of abortions and bacterial shedding, antibiotics are ineffective in clearing the infection [9]. C pecorum is also endemic in the livestock industry [6], and in particular, no reliable treatment is known for infections in cattle [32], although, within Koala populations there has been some treatment success using chloramphenicol or enrofloxacin [34,35]. Other chlamydial species, such as C. muridarum , C. felis , and C. caviae , are generally manageable with TET and/or MAC treatment regimes [36,37,38].…”

Section: Overview Of Chlamydiaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Products for the Treatment of Chlamydiaceae Infections

et al. 2016

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Due to the global prevalence of Chlamydiae, exploring studies of diverse antichlamydial compounds is important in the development of effective treatment strategies and global infectious disease management. Chlamydiaceae is the most widely known bacterial family of the Chlamydiae order. Among the species in the family Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause common human diseases, while Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia suis represent zoonotic threats or are endemic in human food sources. Although chlamydial infections are currently manageable in human populations, chlamydial infections in livestock are endemic and there is significant difficulty achieving effective treatment. To combat the spread of Chlamydiaceae in humans and other hosts, improved methods for treatment and prevention of infection are needed. There exist various studies exploring the potential of natural products for developing new antichlamydial treatment modalities. Polyphenolic compounds can inhibit chlamydial growth by membrane disruption, reestablishment of host cell apoptosis, or improving host immune system detection. Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and lipids can disrupt the cell membranes of infective chlamydial elementary bodies (EBs). Peptides can disrupt the cell membranes of chlamydial EBs, and transferrins can inhibit chlamydial EBs from attachment to and permeation through the membranes of host cells. Cellular metabolites and probiotic bacteria can inhibit chlamydial infection by modulating host immune responses and directly inhibiting chlamydial growth. Finally, early stage clinical trials indicate that polyherbal formulations can be effective in treating chlamydial infections. Herein, we review an important body of literature in the field of antichlamydial research.

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Section: Overview Of Chlamydiaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Products for the Treatment of Chlamydiaceae Infections

et al. 2016

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“…A single in vitro study of 3 calf and lamb C. pecorum isolates indicated that macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones, but not the beta lactam ampicillin, prevented inclusion formation; however, AB induction, infectious bacterial production and potential recovery upon removal of ampicillin were not evaluated [ 26 ]. More recently, 10 koala C. pecorum isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol, but beta lactam antibiotics were not considered [ 27 ]. Thus, the ability of beta lactam antibiotics to reversibly abrogate C. pecorum infectivity, by definition inducing chlamydial stress/persistence, has not been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penicillin G-Induced Chlamydial Stress Response in a Porcine Strain ofChlamydia pecorum

Leonard

Dewez

Borel

2016

International Journal of Microbiology

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Chlamydia pecorum causes asymptomatic infection and pathology in ruminants, pigs, and koalas. We characterized the antichlamydial effect of the beta lactam penicillin G on Chlamydia pecorum strain 1710S (porcine abortion isolate). Penicillin-exposed and mock-exposed infected host cells showed equivalent inclusions numbers. Penicillin-exposed inclusions contained aberrant bacterial forms and exhibited reduced infectivity, while mock-exposed inclusions contained normal bacterial forms and exhibited robust infectivity. Infectious bacteria production increased upon discontinuation of penicillin exposure, compared to continued exposure. Chlamydia-induced cell death occurred in mock-exposed controls; cell survival was improved in penicillin-exposed infected groups. Similar results were obtained both in the presence and in the absence of the eukaryotic protein translation inhibitor cycloheximide and at different times of initiation of penicillin exposure. These data demonstrate that penicillin G induces the chlamydial stress response (persistence) and is not bactericidal, for this chlamydial species/strain in vitro, regardless of host cell de novo protein synthesis.

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“…23,24 It is unknown whether florfenicol exhibits a concentration-dependent effect against Chlamydia spp., but if so, an estimate of the integrated pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic index of the AUC 0-24 h /MIC is helpful for assessing efficacy. 23 Acknowledging the limited data points to calculate AUC (as AUC should be calculated on at least 5-7 time points 25 ) and using the pharmacodynamic target for florfenicol for C. pecorum of 2 μg/mL, 12 10 mg/kg IV could be efficacious over 24 h. However, repeated high doses of chloramphenicol resulting in plasma concentrations persistently exceeding 10 μg/mL have been shown to induce temporary bone marrow suppression in other species. 26,27 Florfenicol administered at 5 mg/kg IV (group B) appeared too low to provide therapeutic drug concentrations over 24 h, whereas 20 mg/kg SC resulted in mean plasma concentrations below the pharmacodynamic target as early as 8 h post-treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%