In vitro Algaecide Effect of Disinfectants on Prototheca zopfii Genotypes 1 and 2

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Bovine mastitis due to Prototheca zopfii leads to reduced milk production and is difficult to cure. Therefore, prevention is the best approach and this is best achieved through the use of effective disinfectants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro algaecide efficacy of conventional disinfectants against strains of P. zopfii genotype 1 and 2. The minimal algaecide concentration (MAC) of alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, dioxide chlorine, povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorous acid against 10 isolates and the type strain (SAG2063 T ) of P. zopfii genotype 1 as well as 10 isolates and the type strain (SAG2021 T ) of P. zopfii genotype 2 were examined using the micro dilution method. This in vitro study indicated that alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorous acid, but not dioxide chlorine, are effective against both genotypes of P. zopfii.

In vitro photoinactivation of bovine mastitis related pathogens

“…The alga P. zopfii (wild-type strain) was used in this experiment because of its clinical importance, not only in Brazil but worldwide. The occurrence of mastitis caused by the alga has been described in several countries with no responsive treatment [25,26].…”

“…The first is the Staphylococcus genus, and in particular S. aureus, which is known for its high resistance to antibiotics, thus emphasizing the importance of further investigations to control the spread of these bacteria in the mammary gland [37,38]. The second is the Prototheca genus, which merits special attention mainly due to the lack of efficient treatments for infections of the mammary gland, from which these pathogens were originally isolated [25]. Our findings show that P. zopfii is less susceptible to PDT when compared to the assessed bacteria.…”

In vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 strains isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis

“…The algicidal effect against Prototheca has been reported for other disinfectants and antiseptics, such as quaternary ammonium salts, dodecylbenzene acid , iodine, hypochlorite (Salerno et al 2010) and peracetic acid (Gonc ßalves et al 2015). The guanidine MACs were close to 50% below those of other antiseptics or disinfectants (0Á004-0Á008%) used in dairy farms (Salerno et al 2010;Sobukawa et al 2011). This result indicates that guanidine has a high algicidal effect at low concentrations and may be an alternative microbicide for use in the milking routine or cleaning of equipment as well as in pre-and postdipping solutions, particularly at farms with endemic bovine protothecal mastitis.…”

“…; Sobukawa et al . ). This result indicates that guanidine has a high algicidal effect at low concentrations and may be an alternative microbicide for use in the milking routine or cleaning of equipment as well as in pre‐ and postdipping solutions, particularly at farms with endemic bovine protothecal mastitis.…”

Detection and Identification of Genotypes of <i>Prototheca zopfii</i> in Clinical Samples by Quantitative PCR Analysis

“…In general, Prototheca isolates are sensitive to antifungal agents; however, P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii show differences in sensitivity to common antifungal agents (37,38). P. zopfii genotype 2 is most sensitive to amphotericin B (22,24,39), while P. wickerhamii is sensitive to amphotericin B and voriconazole (40). Differences in sensitivity have also been reported in P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2 (39); however, infections caused by P. zopfii genotype 1 have not been reported.…”