In Vitro and In Vivo Protective Effects of Agaro-Oligosaccharides against Hydrogen Peroxide-Stimulated Oxidative Stress

Abstract

In our previous research, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the agaro-oligosaccharides prepared from the agar of Gracilaria lemaneiformis (AO). In the present study, in order to further explore the bioactivities of AO, the antioxidant activity of AO was investigated in vitro in Vero cells and in vivo in zebrafish. AO scavenged alkyl, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and hydroxyl radicals at the IC50 value of 4.86 ± 0.13, 3.02 ± 0.44, and 1.33 ± 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. AO significantly suppressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated oxidative damage by improving cell viability. This happened via suppressing apoptosis by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the in vivo results displayed that AO protected zebrafish against H2O2-stimulated oxidative damage by reducing the levels of intracellular ROS, cell death, and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that AO effectively alleviated in vitro and in vivo oxidative damage stimulated by H2O2, and suggest the potential of AO in the cosmetic and functional food industries.

JI017 Induces Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis via Elevated Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Lung Cancer Cells

“…Therefore, ROS are an indicator of cellular stress and apoptosis [25,26]. Moreover, they are known to be important regulators of autophagy activation, and targeting increased autophagy and ROS production has been identified as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of several types of cancer [27,28].…”

The Ocean’s Pharmacy: Health Discoveries in Marine Algae

“…All of them concern macroalgae or pure compounds of not-detailed algal origin. Many algal compounds exert their antioxidant effect by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, and GPx [34], decreasing ROS production [35,36], and/or decreasing the expression of iNOS, leading to a decreased production of NO [37]. In skeletal myoblasts, algal compounds (phloroglucinol and Indole-6-carboxaldehyde) exerted antioxidant effects by regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, mainly by decreasing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating apoptosis-regulatory factors (e.g., caspases, Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c) [38,39].…”

“…Most in vivo experiments (Table 2) were conducted on zebrafish embryos, a wellestablished model system, including as a preclinical screening model. Results showed that extracts and isolated compounds from Fucus virsoides [35], Gracilaria lemaneiformis [36] (oligosaccharide), Hizikia fusiforme [51] (polysaccharide), Padina boryana [52], Pyropia yezoensis [53] (polyphenol), Sargassum fulvellum [54] (polysaccharide), and Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls [55] (polysaccharide) were successful in decreasing oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation and ROS production, leading to decreased heart-beating disorders and increased survival rates. The liver and kidneys are particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of ROS/RNS due to their elevated metabolic and mitochondrial activity.…”

“…Phenolic compounds extracted from Sargassum thunbergii [48], such as benzene and its derivatives (protocatechuic acid, difucol, gallic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), cinnamic acids and their derivatives (p-Coumaric acid), flavonoids (isoquercitrin, quercitrin, isorhamnetin, and catechin), and phlorotannins (bifuhalol, pentafuhalol A, 7-hydroxyeckol, deshydroxypentafuhalol, trifuhalol A), along with a sulfated polysaccharide from Ecklonia maxima [60], were found to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and repair skin damage. Therefore, the identified algal compounds and extracts seem to have antioxidant properties [35,36,[51][52][53][54][55], being able not only to restore a healthy balance between oxidants and antioxidants, but also aid in the regulation and mitigation of oxidative stress-induced damages in specific organs, such as the skin [48,60], liver, and kidney [58,59]. Inflammation is a fundamental and intricate biological process that plays a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis.…”