In vitro and in vivo toxicity of urban and rural particulate matter from California

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) varies in chemical composition and mass concentration based on location, source, and particle size. This study sought to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM25) PM samples collected at 5 diverse sites within California. Coarse and fine PM samples were collected simultaneously at 2 rural and 3 urban sites within California during the summer. A human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line (HPMEC-ST1.6R) was exposed to PM suspensions (50 μg/mL) and analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 5 hours of treatment. In addition, FVB/N mice were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to 50 μg PM, and lavage fluid was collected 24 hrs post-exposure and analyzed for total protein and %PMNs. Correlations between trace metal concentrations, endotoxin, and biological endpoints were calculated, and the effect of particle size range, locale (urban vs. rural), and location was determined. Absolute principal factor analysis was used to identify pollution sources of PM from elemental tracers of those sources. Ambient PM elicited an ROS and pro-inflammatory-related response in the cell and mouse models, respectively. These responses were dependent on particle size, locale, and location. Trace elements associated with soil and traffic markers were most strongly linked to the adverse effects in vitro and in vivo. Particle size, location, source, and composition of PM collected at 5 locations in California affected the ROS response in human pulmonary endothelial cells and the inflammatory response in mice.

Oxidative stress pathways involved in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on cells constitutive of alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro

“…Cell lines are representative of our target organ (lung), and were chosen because of their prevalence in the literature. These are robust models, widely used and described in the context of nanotoxicology (Foster et al, 1998;Chanput et al, 2014;Mirowsky et al, 2015).…”

Aqueous and organic extract of PM2.5 collected in different seasons and cities of Japan differently affect respiratory and immune systems

“…However, very few studies have identified the precise correlations between characteristics of seasonally variable PM2.5 and their effects on the respiratory and immune systems. The characteristics of ambient PM2.5 vary with location and season, and so do their effects (Mirowsky et al 2015). However, the contributing factors of PM2.5 for respiratory allergy and their biological responses have not been fully understood.…”

Association of IL-6 with PM2.5 Components: Importance of Characterizing Filter-Based PM2.5 Following Extraction

“…Furthermore, the use of uncharacterized PM 2.5 hinders the ultimate goal of identifying key constituents responsible for health effects. Limited toxicology studies using filter-based extraction methods have characterized samples following partial or complete extraction procedures (Gerlofs-Nijland et al 2007; Jalava et al 2009; Huang et al 2014; Mirowsky et al 2015). These studies allow for connections to be made to components or groups of components in PM 2.5 that are the predominant factors in PM 2.5 -associated health outcomes.…”