In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies of PM2.5 on Disease Progression

Abstract

Air pollution is a very critical issue worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution that comprises a heterogeneous mixture of different particle sizes and chemical compositions. There are various sources of fine PM (PM2.5), and the components may also have different effects on people. The pathogenesis of PM2.5 in several diseases remains to be clarified. There is a long history of epidemiological research on PM2.5 in several diseases. Numerous studies show that PM2.5 can induce a variety of chronic diseases, such as respiratory system damage, cardiovascular dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. However, the epidemiological evidence associated with potential mechanisms in the progression of diseases need to be proved precisely through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 that lead to adverse effects and chronic diseases include increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and genotoxicity. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of PM2.5 in the progression of various diseases from the last decade. The summarized research results could provide clear information about the mechanisms and progression of PM2.5-induced disease.

Environmental and Health Effects of Ventilation in Subway Stations: A Literature Review

“…Inhaled PMs can cause cellular inflammation, reactive oxygen, and genotoxic effects and induce acute and chronic responses in different body systems such as skin, ocular, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. These responses may increase the incidences of heart disease, stroke, allergy, asthma, cancer, and infectious diseases [150,151]. Despite a controversy over the hazards of subway air compared with ground air, there is a consensus on the oxidative potential (OP) of subway PMs.…”

How to prevent skin damage from air pollution. Part 1: Exposure assessment

“…Urban regions have over 50% of the world's population and this proportion will increase to 70% by 2050 (U.N., 2014). Recent evidence, derived mainly from epidemiologic studies, indicate that urban AP causes a wide range of effects on human health (Cho et al, 2018).…”

“…In addition, human exposures to AP in urban areas vary greatly due to spatiotemporal variations in emissions, varying proximity to sources, atmospheric circulation, and local meteorological conditions. Thus, the term "urban air pollution" can refer to very different exposure mixtures (Cho et al, 2018).…”

The Impact of PM2.5 on the Host Defense of Respiratory System

“…PM originates from natural sources (such as dust, sea salt, and wildfires) and anthropogenic emissions (such as vehicles, household wood and coal burning as well as power plants and industry), and the latter accounts for most of the PM pollution . The components of PM are extremely complex, including inorganic components (such as heavy and transition metals, elemental carbon, and sulfuric/nitric/ammonia salts), organic components (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and biological components (such as fungi, spores, and viruses) (Zhang et al, 2015;Cho et al, 2018). There are certain differences in the source and composition of different types of particulate matter, and the harm to public health varies as well (Figure 1).…”